L’indice glicemico è un concetto talmente complesso che è molto importante non banalizzarlo nella relazione alimento-indice. Come si vede dalla tabella, le cose sono un po’ più compicate e spesso non si è in grado di essere precisi se si indica l’alimento con terminologia generica. Per esempio, se in Francia entrate in un negozio di alimentari, potreste scegliere una baguette al pane bianco (l’indice glicemico può arrivare fino a 115) oppure un pane al latte (in questo caso, con un po’ di fortuna avrete un indice glicemico di 53): morale, se si specifica solo “pane”, ci può essere una differenza di 50 punti nell’indice glicemico!
Indici glicemici
| TABLE 1 International table of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values: 20021 – Tabella internazionale dell’indice glicemico | |
| BAKERY PRODUCTS | |
| Cakes | |
| 1 Angel food cake (Loblaw’s, Toronto, Canada) | 67 |
| 2 Banana cake, made with sugar | 47 ± 8 |
| 3 Banana cake, made without sugar | 55 ± 10 |
| 4 Chocolate cake made from packet mix (Betty Crocker- General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 38 ± 3 |
| 5 Cupcake, strawberry-iced (Squiggles- Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) | 73 ± 12 |
| 6 Lamingtons (sponge dipped in chocolate and coconut) (Farmland, Australia) | 87 ± 17 |
| 7 Pound cake (Sara Lee Canada, Bramalea, Canada) | 54 |
| 8 Sponge cake, plain | 46 ± 6 |
| 9 Vanilla cake made from packet mix with vanilla frosting (Betty Crocker, USA) | 42 ± 4 |
| 10 Croissant (Food City, Toronto, Canada) | 67 |
| 11 Crumpet (Dempster’s Corporate Foods Ltd, Etobicoke, Canada) | 69 |
| 12 Doughnut, cake type (Loblaw’s, Canada) | 76 |
| 13 Flan cake (Weston’s Bakery, Toronto, Canada) | 65 |
| 14 Muffins | |
| Apple, made with sugar5 | 44 ± 6 |
| Apple, made without sugar5 | 48 ± 10 |
| Apple, oat, and sultana, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Acacia Ridge, Australia) | 54 ± 4 |
| Apricot, coconut, and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) | 60 ± 4 |
| Banana, oat and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) | 65 ± 11 |
| Bran (Grandma Martin’s Muffins- Culinar Inc, Aurora, Canada) | 60 |
| Blueberry (Culinar Inc, Canada) | 59 |
| Carrot (Culinar Inc, Canada) | 62 |
| Chocolate butterscotch, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) | 53 ± 5 |
| Corn muffin, low-amylose | 102 |
| Corn muffin, high-amylose | 49 |
| Oatmeal, made from mix (Quaker Oats Co of Canada, Peterborough, Canada) | 69 |
| 15 Pancakes, prepared from shake mix (Green’s General Foods, Glendenning, Australia) | 67 ± 5 |
| 16 Pancakes, buckwheat, gluten-free, made from packet mix (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Australia) | 102 ± 11 |
| 17 Pastry | 59 ± 6 |
| 18 Pikelets (Golden brand- Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, Australia) | 85 ± 14 |
| 19 Scones, plain, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) | 92 ± 8 |
| 20 Waffles (Aunt Jemima- Quaker Oats Co of Canada) | 76 |
| BEVERAGES | |
| 21 Coca Cola | |
| Coca Cola, soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Sydney, Australia) | 53 ± 7 |
| Coca Cola, soft drink (Atlanta, GA, USA) | 63 |
| Mean of 2 types | 58 ± 5 |
| 22 Cordial, orange, reconstituted (Berri Ltd, Berri, Australia) | 66 ± 8 |
| 23 Fanta, orange soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Australia) | 68 ± 6 |
| 24 Lucozade, original (sparkling glucose drink) (Glaxo Wellcome Ltd, Uxbridge, UK) | 95 ± 10 |
| 25 Smoothie, raspberry (Con Agra Inc, Omaha, NE, USA) | 33 ± 9 |
| 26 Smoothie drink, soy, banana (So Natural Foods, Tarren Point, Australia)6 | 30 ± 3 |
| 27 Smoothie drink, soy, chocolate hazelnut (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 34 ± 3 |
| 28 Solo, lemon squash, soft drink (Cadbury Schweppes, Sydney, Australia)6 | 58 ± 5 |
| 29 Up and Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Berkeley Vale, Australia)6 | 43 ± 5 |
| 30 Up and Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia)6 | 46 ± 5 |
| 31 Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose) (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 39 ± 2 |
| Juices | |
| 32 Apple juice | |
| Apple juice, pure, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berri Ltd, Berri, Australia) | 39 ± 5 |
| Apple juice, unsweetened | 40 |
| Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) | 41 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 40 ± 1 |
| 33 Apple juice, pure, clear, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Wandin, Australia) | 44 ± 2 |
| 34 Apple juice, pure, cloudy, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) | 37 ± 3 |
| 35 Apple and cherry juice, pure, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) | 43 ± 3 |
| 36 Carrot juice, freshly made (Sydney, Australia)6 | 43 ± 3 |
| 37 Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, Melbourne, Australia) | 52 ± 3 |
| 38 Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc, Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) | 68 ± 3 |
| 39 Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray (Gerber Ltd, Bridgewater, UK) | 56 ± 4 |
| 40 Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) | 48 |
| 41 Orange juice | |
| Orange juice (Canada) | 46 ± 6 |
| Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Quelch- Berri Ltd, Carlton, Australia) | 53 ± 6 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 50 ± 4 |
| 42 Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada) | 46 |
| 43 Tomato juice, canned, no added sugar (Berri Ltd, Berri, Australia)6 | 38 ± 4 |
| 44 Yakult, fermented milk drink with Lactobacillus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Australia) | 46 ± 6 |
| Sports drinks | |
| 45 Gatorade (Spring Valley Beverages Pty Ltd, Cheltenham, Australia) | 78 ± 13 |
| 46 Isostar (Novartis Consumer Health, Nyon, Switzerland Australia) | 70 ± 15 |
| 47 Sports Plus (Berri Ltd, Australia) | 74 ± 6 |
| 48 Sustagen Sport (Mead Johnson, Rydalmere, Australia) | 43 ± 9 |
| Drinks made from drinking mix powders | |
| 49 Build-Up nutrient-fortified drink, vanilla Rydalmere, Australia) | 41 ± 4 |
| 50 Complete Hot Chocolate mix made with Rydalmere, Australia) | 51 ± 3 |
| 51 Hi-Pro energy drink mix, vanilla, containing soy protein and whey powder (Harrod foods, Sefton, Australia) mixed in reduced-fat (1.5%) cow milk | 36 ± 3 |
| 52 Malted milk powder in full-fat cow milk (Nestlé, Australia) | 45 ± 3 |
| 53 Milo (chocolate nutrient-fortified drink powder) | |
| Milo (Nestlé, Australia) dissolved in water | 55 ± 3 |
| Milo (Nestlé, Auckland, New Zealand) dissolved in water | 52 ± 5 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 54 ± 2 |
| Milo (Nestlé, Australia) dissolved in full-fat cow milk | 35 ± 2 |
| Milo (Nestlé, New Zealand) dissolved in full-fat cow milk | 36 ± 3 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 36 ± 1 |
| 54 Nutrimeal, meal replacement drink, Dutch Chocolate (Usana, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) | 26 ± 3 |
| 55 Quik (sweet drink powder) | |
| Quik, chocolate (Nestlé, Sydney, Australia), dissolved in water | 53 ± 5 |
| Quik, chocolate (Nestlé, Australia), dissolved in 1.5%-fat milk | 41 ± 4 |
| Quik, strawberry (Nestlé, Australia), dissolved in water | 64 ± 8 |
| Quik, strawberry (Nestlé, Australia), dissolved in 1.5%-fat milk | 35 ± 3 |
| BREADS | |
| 56 Bagel, white, frozen (Lender’s Bakery, Montreal, Canada) | 72 |
| 57 Baguette, white, plain (France) | 95 ± 15 |
| 58 French baguette with chocolate spread (France) | 72 ± 8 |
| 59 French baguette with butter and strawberry jam (France) | 62 ± 7 |
| 60 Pain au lait (Pasquier, France) | 63 ± 10 |
| 61 Bread stuffing, Paxo (Campbell Soup Co Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 74 |
| Barley breads | |
| 62 Coarse barley kernel bread, 75?80% kernels | |
| 75% kernels | 27 |
| 80% scalded intact kernels (20% white-wheat flour) | 34 |
| 80% intact kernels (20% white-wheat flour) | 40 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 34 ± 4 |
| 63 Barley kernel bread, 50% kernels | |
| 50% kernels (Canada) | 43 |
| 50% kibbled barley (Australia) | 48 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 46 ± 2 |
| 64 Sunflower and barley bread (Riga bakeries, Sydney, Australia) | 57 ± 6 |
| 65 Barley flour breads | |
| 100% barley flour (Canada) | 67 |
| Whole-meal barley flour (80%) bread (20% white-wheat flour) (Sweden) | 67 |
| Whole-meal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (50% regular barley flour, 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) | 50 |
| Whole-meal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (20% regular barley flour, 80% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) | 43 |
| 66 Whole-meal barley flour (80%) and white-wheat flour (20%) bread fermented or with added organic acids or salts (Sweden) | |
| Whole-meal barley flour bread (used as reference for the 5 breads below)8 | 70 |
| Whole-meal barley flour bread with sourdough (lactic acid)8 | 53 |
| Whole-meal barley flour bread with lactic acid8 | 66 |
| Whole-meal barley flour bread with calcium lactate8 | 59 |
| Whole-meal barley flour bread with sodium propionate8 | 65 |
| Whole-meal barley flour bread with higher dose sodium propionate8 | 57 |
| Buckwheat bread | |
| 67 Buckwheat bread, 50% dehusked buckwheat groats and 50% white-wheat flour (Sweden) | 47 |
| Fruit bread | |
| 68 Bürgen fruit loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 44 ± 5 |
| 69 Fruit and spice loaf, thick sliced (Buttercup Bakeries, Moorebank, Australia) | 54 ± 6 |
| 70 Continental fruit loaf, wheat bread with dried fruit (Australia) | 47 ± 6 |
| 71 Happiness (cinnamon, raisin, and pecan annitowoc, WI, USA) | 63 ± 5 |
| 72 Muesli bread, made from packet mix in bread making machine (Con Agra Inc, USA) | 54 ± 6 |
| 73 Hamburger bun (Loblaw’s, Canada) | 61 |
| 74 Kaiser rolls (Loblaw’s, Canada) | 73 |
| 75 Melba toast, Old London (Best Foods Canada Inc, Etobicoke, Canada) | 70 |
| Gluten-free bread | |
| 76 Gluten-free multigrain bread (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Australia) | 79 ± 13 |
| 77 Gluten-free white bread (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK) | |
| Unsliced | 71 |
| Sliced | 80 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 76 ± 5 |
| 78 Gluten-free fiber-enriched | |
| Unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) | 69 |
| Sliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) | 76 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 73 ± 4 |
| Oat bread | |
| 79 Coarse oat-kernel bread, 80% intact oat kernels and 20% white-wheat flour (Sweden) | 65 |
| Oat-bran bread | |
| 80 50% Oat bran (Australia) | 44 |
| 81 45% Oat bran and 50% wheat flour (Sweden) | 50 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 47 ± 3 |
| Rice bread | |
| 82 Rice bread, low-amylose Calrose rice (Pav’s Allergy Bakery, Ingleburn, Australia) | 72 ± 9 |
| 83 Rice bread, high-amylose Doongara rice (Pav’s Allergy Bakery, Australia) | 61 ± 9 |
| Rye bread | |
| 84 Rye-kernel (pumpernickel) bread | |
| Coarse rye-kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white-wheat flour (Sweden) | 41 |
| Rye-kernel bread, pumpernickel (Canada) | 41 |
| Whole-grain pumpernickel (Holtzheuser Brothers Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 46 |
| Rye-kernel bread, pumpernickel (80% kernels) (Canada) | 55 |
| Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Toronto, Canada) | 55 |
| Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Canada) | 62 |
| Mean of 6 studies | 50 ± 4 |
| 85 Whole-meal rye bread | |
| Whole-meal rye bread (Canada) | 41 |
| Whole-meal rye bread (Canada) | 62 |
| Whole-meal rye bread (Canada) | 63 |
| Whole-meal rye bread (Canada) | 66 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 58 ± 6 |
| Specialty rye breads | |
| 86 Blackbread, Riga (Berzin’s Specialty Bakery, Sydney, Australia) | 76 ± 14 |
| 87 Bürgen Dark/Swiss rye | |
| Bürgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 55 ± 12 |
| Bürgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 74 ± 6 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 65 ± 10 |
| 88 Klosterbrot whole-meal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd, Canada) | 67 |
| 89 Light rye (Silverstein’s Bakery, Toronto, Canada) | 68 |
| 90 Linseed rye (Rudolph’s Specialty Bakery Ltd, Canada) | 55 |
| 91 Roggenbrot, Vogel’s (Stevns and Co, Sydney, Australia) | 59 ± 5 |
| 92 Schinkenbrot, Riga (Berzin’s Specialty Bakery, Sydney, Australia) | 86 ± 15 |
| 93 Sourdough rye | |
| Sourdough rye (Canada) | 57 |
| Sourdough rye (Australia) | 48 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 53 ± 5 |
| 94 Volkornbrot, whole-meal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd, Canada) | 56 |
| Wheat bread | |
| 95 Coarse wheat-kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white-wheat flour (Sweden) | 52 |
| 96 Cracked wheat kernel (bulgur) bread | |
| 50% cracked wheat kernel (Canada) | 58 |
| 75% cracked wheat kernels (Canada) | 48 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 53 ± 3 |
| Spelt wheat bread | |
| 97 White spelt wheat bread (Slovenia)9 | 74 |
| 98 Whole-meal spelt wheat bread (Slovenia)9 | 63 |
| 99 Scalded spelt wheat-kernel bread (Slovenia)9 | 67 |
| 100 Spelt multigrain bread (Pav’s bakery, Australia) | 54 ± 10 |
| 101 White-wheat-flour bread | |
| White flour (Canada) | 69 ± 5 |
| White flour (USA) | 70 |
| White flour (Sunblest- Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 70 |
| White flour (Dempster’s Corporate Foods Ltd, Canada) | 71 |
| White flour (South Africa) | 71 ± 7 |
| White flour (Canada) | 71 |
| Mean of 6 studies | 70 ± 0 |
| 102 White-wheat-flour bread, hard, toasted (Italian) | 73 |
| 103 Wonder, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, Kansas City, MO, USA) | |
| Wonder, enriched white bread | 71 ± 9 |
| Wonder, enriched white bread | 72 ± 4 |
| Wonder, enriched white bread | 77 ± 3 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 73 ± 2 |
| 104 White Turkish bread (Turkey) | 87 |
| White bread with enzyme inhibitors | |
| 105 White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) | |
| White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) | 18 |
| White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) | 50 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 34 ± 16 |
| 106 White bread roll + 3 mg trestatin (pancreatic | 48 |
| -amylase inhibitor) (Switzerland)7 | |
| 107 White bread roll + 6 mg trestatin (Switzerland)8 | 29 |
| White bread with soluble fiber | |
| 108 White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber(Plantago psyllium) | |
| White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) | 41 |
| White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber | 65 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 53 ± 12 |
| 109 White bread eaten with vinegar as vinaigrette (Sweden) | 45 |
| 110 White bread eaten with powdered dried seaweed Nori alga (Spain) | 48 |
| 111 White bread containing Eurylonh@igh-amylose maize starch (France)12 | 42 |
| White fiber-enriched bread | |
| 112 White, high-fiber (Dempster’s Corporate | 67 |
| 113 White, high-fiber (Weston’s Bakery, Toronto, Canada) | 69 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 68 ± 1 |
| White resistant starch-enriched bread | |
| 114 Fibre white (Nature’s Fresh, Auckland, New Zealand) | 77 ± 10 |
| 115 Wonderwhite (Buttercup Bakeries, Australia) | 80 ± 8 |
| 116 Whole-meal (whole-wheat) wheat-flour bread | |
| Whole-meal flour (Canada) | 52 |
| Whole-meal flour (Canada) | 64 |
| Whole-meal flour (Canada) | 65 |
| Whole-meal flour (Canada) | 67 |
| Whole-meal flour (Canada) | 67 |
| Whole-meal flour (Canada) | 69 |
| Whole-meal flour (Canada) | 71 |
| Whole-meal flour (Canada) | 72 ± 6 |
| Whole-meal flour (USA)8 | 73 |
| Whole-meal flour (South Africa) | 75 ± 9 |
| Whole-meal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 77 ± 9 |
| Whole-meal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 78 ± 16 |
| Whole-meal flour (Kenya) | 87 |
| Mean of 13 studies | 71 ± 2 |
| 117 Whole-meal Turkish bread | 49 |
| Specialty wheat breads | |
| 118 Bürgen Mixed-Grain bread (Australia) | |
| Bürgen Mixed-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, Australia) | 34 ± 4 |
| Bürgen Mixed-Grain | 45 ± 12 |
| Bürgen Mixed-Grain | 69 ± 6 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 49 ± 10 |
| 119 Bürgen Oat Bran and Honey Loaf with Barley (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 31 ± 3 |
| 120 Bürgen Soy-Lin, kibbled soy (8%) and linseed (8%) loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 36 ± 4 |
| 121 English Muffin bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 77 ± 7 |
| 122 Healthy Choice Hearty 7 Grain (Con Agra Inc, USA) | 55 ± 6 |
| 123 Healthy Choice Hearty 100% Whole Grain (Con Agra Inc, USA) | 62 ± 6 |
| 124 Helga’s Classic Seed Loaf (Quality Bakers, Sydney, Australia) | 68 ± 9 |
| 125 Helga’s traditional whole-meal bread (Quality Bakers, Australia) | 70 ± 14 |
| 126 Hunger Filler, whole-grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 59 ± 8 |
| 127 Molenberg (Goodman Fielder, Auckland, New Zealand) | |
| Molenberg | 75 ± 10 |
| Molenberg | 84 ± 8 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 80 ± 5 |
| 128 9-Grain Multi-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 43 ± 5 |
| 129 Multigrain loaf, spelt wheat flour (Australia) | 54 ± 10 |
| 130 Multigrain (50% kibbled wheat grain) (Australia) | 43 |
| 131 Nutty Natural, whole-grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 59 ± 7 |
| 132 Performax (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Australia) | 38 ± 3 |
| 133 Ploughman’s Whole-grain, original recipe (Quality Bakers, Australia) | 47 |
| 134 Ploughman’s Whole-meal, smooth milled (Quality Bakers, Australia) | 64 ± 10 |
| 135 Semolina bread (Kenya) | 64 |
| 136 Sourdough wheat (Australia) | 54 |
| 137 Soy and linseed bread (made from packet mix in bread maker) (Con Agra Inc, USA) | 50 ± 6 |
| 138 Stay Trim, whole-grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 70 ± 10 |
| 139 Sunflower and barley bread, Riga brand (Berzin’s Specialty Bakery, Australia) | 57 ± 6 |
| 140 Vogel’s Honey and Oats (Stevns and Co, Australia) | 55 ± 5 |
| 141 Vogel’s Roggenbrot (Stevns and Co, Australia) | 59 ± 5 |
| 142 Whole-wheat snack bread (Ryvita Co Ltd, Poole, Dorset, UK) | 74 |
| 143 100% Whole-grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 51 ± 11 |
| 144 White-wheat-flour flatbread (Sweden) | 79 |
| Unleavened bread | |
| 145 Lebanese bread, white (Seda Bakery, Sydney, Australia) | 75 ± 9 |
| 146 Middle Eastern flatbread | 97 ± 29 |
| 147 Pita bread, white (Canada) | 57 |
| 148 Wheat-flour flatbread (India) | 66 ± 9 |
| 149 Amaranth:wheat (25:75) composite flour flatbread (India) | 66 ± 10 |
| 150 Amaranth:wheat (50:50) composite flour flatbread (India) | 76 ± 20 |
| BREAKFAST CEREALS AND RELATED PRODUCTS | |
| 151 All-Bran (high-fiber, extruded wheat-bran cereal) | |
| All-Bran (Kellogg’s, Pagewood, Australia)13 | 30 |
| All-Bran (Kellogg’s, Battle Creek, MI, USA) | 38 |
| All-Bran (Kellogg’s Inc, Etobicoke, Canada) | 50 |
| All-Bran (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada) | 51 ± 5 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 42 ± 5 |
| 152 All-Bran Fruit ?n Oats (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 39 |
| 153 All-Bran Soy ?n Fibre (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 33 ± 3 |
| 154 Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and nonnutritive sweetener (India) | 97 ± 19 |
| Barley porridge | |
| 155 Whole-meal barley flour porridge (100% regular barley) (flour:water, 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) | 68 |
| 156 Whole-meal high-fiber barley flour porridge (50% regular barley flour: 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) | 55 |
| 157 Barley porridge made from steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) | 62 |
| 158 Barley porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) | 65 |
| 159 Bran Buds (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada)15 | 58 |
| 160 Bran Buds with psyllium (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada)15 | 47 |
| 161 Bran Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Toronto, Canada)15 | 58 |
| 162 Bran Flakes (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 74 |
| 163 Cheerios (General Mills Inc, Etobicoke, Canada)15 | 74 |
| 164 Chocapic (Nestlé, France) | 84 ± 9 |
| 165 Coco Pops (cocoa-flavored puffed rice) | |
| Coco Pops (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77 ± 8 |
| Coco Pops (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77 ± 3 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 77 |
| 166 Corn Bran (Quaker Oats Co of Canada)15 | 75 |
| 167 Corn Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 | 83 |
| 168 Cornflakes | |
| Cornflakes (Kellogg’s, Auckland, New Zealand) | 72 ± 16 |
| Cornflakes (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77 |
| Cornflakes (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada) | 80 ± 6 |
| Cornflakes (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada) | 86 |
| Cornflakes (Kellogg’s, USA)7 | 92 |
| Mean of 5 studies | 81 ± 3 |
| 169 Cornflakes, high-fiber (Presidents Choice- Sunfresh Ltd, Toronto, Canada)15 | 74 |
| 170 Cornflakes, Crunchy Nut (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 72 ± 4 |
| 171 Corn Pops (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 80 ± 4 |
| 172 Cream of Wheat (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 | 66 |
| 173 Cream of Wheat, Instant (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 | 74 |
| 174 Crispix (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada)15 | 87 |
| 175 Energy Mix (Quaker, France) | 80 ± 7 |
| 176 Froot Loops (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 69 ± 9 |
| 177 Frosties, sugar-coated cornflakes (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 55 |
| 178 Fruitful Lite (Hubbards, New Zealand) | 61 ± 20 |
| 179 Fruity-Bix, berry (Sanitarium, Auckland, New Zealand) | 113 ± 10 |
| 180 Golden Grahams (General Mills Inc, Canada)15 | 71 |
| 181 Golden Wheats (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 71 ± 8 |
| 182 Grapenuts | |
| Grapenuts (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc, Toronto, Canada)15 | 67 |
| Grapenuts (Kraft Foods Inc, Port Chester, NY, USA) | 75 ± 6 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 71 ± 4 |
| 183 Grapenuts Flakes (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc, Canada)15 | 80 |
| 184 Guardian (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 37 ± 9 |
| 185 Healthwise for bowel health (Uncle Toby’s, Wahgunyah, Australia) | 66 ± 9 |
| 186 Healthwise for heart health (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 48 ± 5 |
| 187 Honey Rice Bubbles (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77 ± 4 |
| 188 Honey Smacks (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 71 ± 10 |
| 189 Hot cereal, apple and cinnamon (Con Agra Inc, USA) | 37 ± 6 |
| 190 Hot cereal, unflavored (Con Agra Inc, USA) | 25 ± 5 |
| 191 Just Right (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 60 ± 15 |
| 192 Just Right Just Grains (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 62 ± 11 |
| 193 Komplete (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 48 ± 5 |
| 194 Life (Quaker Oats Co, Canada)15 | 66 |
| 195 Mini Wheats, whole wheat (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 58 ± 8 |
| 196 Mini Wheats, blackcurrant (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 72 ± 10 |
| Muesli | ? |
| 197 Muesli, NS (Canada) | 66 ± 9 |
| 198 Alpen Muesli (Wheetabix, France) | 55 ± 10 |
| 199 Muesli, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Australia) with 1.5%-fat milk | 39 ± 6 |
| 200 Muesli, Lite (Sanitarium, New Zealand) | 54 ± 12 |
| 201 Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, New Zealand) | 57 ± 9 |
| 202 Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, Australia) | 40 ± 6 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 49 ± 9 |
| 203 Muesli, No Name (Sunfresh Ltd, Toronto, Canada)15 | 60 |
| 204 Muesli, Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 56 ± 8 |
| 205 Muesli, toasted (Purina, Sydney, Australia) | 43 ± 4 |
| 206 Nutrigrain (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 66 ± 12 |
| 207 Oat ?n Honey Bake (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77 ± 11 |
| 208 Oat bran | |
| Oat bran, raw (Quaker Oats Co, Canada)15 | 50 |
| Oat bran, raw | 59 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 55 ± 5 |
| 209 Porridge made from rolled oats | |
| Porridge (Uncle Toby’s, Australia)13 | 42 |
| Porridge (Canada)16 | 49 ± 8 |
| Traditional porridge oats (Lowan Whole Foods, Box Hill, Australia) | 51 ± 8 |
| Porridge (Hubbards, New Zealand) | 58 ± 9 |
| Porridge (Australia) | 58 ± 4 |
| Porridge (Canada) | 62 |
| Porridge (Canada) | 69 |
| Porridge (USA)6 | 75 |
| Mean of 8 studies | 58 ± 4 |
| 210 Whole-meal oat-flour porridge (flour:water, 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) | 74 |
| 211 Oat porridge made from thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 55 |
| 212 Oat porridge made from roasted thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 69 |
| 213 Oat porridge made from roasted thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 50 |
| 214 Oat porridge made from roasted and steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 80 |
| 215 Oat porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 53 |
| 216 Instant porridge | |
| Quick Oats (Quaker Oats Co, Canada) | 65 |
| One Minute Oats (Quaker Oats Co, Canada)15 | 66 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 66 ± 1 |
| 217 Pop Tarts, double chocolate (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 70 ± 2 |
| 218 Pro Stars (General Mills Inc, Canada)15 | 71 |
| 219 Puffed wheat | |
| Puffed Wheat (Quaker Oats Co, Canada)15 | 67 |
| Puffed Wheat (Sanitarium, Sydney, Australia) | 80 ± 11 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 74 ± 7 |
| 220 Raisin Bran (Kellogg’s, USA) | 61 ± 5 |
| 221 Red River Cereal (Maple Leaf Mills, Toronto, Canada) | 49 |
| 222 Rice Bran, extruded (Rice Growers Co-Operative Ltd, Leeton, Australia) | 19 ± 3 |
| 223 Rice Bubbles (puffed rice) | |
| Rice Bubbles (Kellogg’s, Australia)13 | 81 |
| Rice Bubbles (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 85 ± 3 |
| Rice Bubbles (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 95 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 87 ± 4 |
| 224 Rice Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 | 89 |
| 225 Rice Krispies (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada)15 | 82 |
| 226 Shredded wheat | ? |
| Shredded Wheat (Canada) | 67 ± 10 |
| Shredded Wheat (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 | 83 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 75 ± 8 |
| Special K (formulation of this cereal varies in different countries) | |
| 227 Special K (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 54 ± 4 |
| 228 Special K (Kellogg’s, USA) | 69 ± 5 |
| 229 Special K (Kellogg’s, France) | 84 ± 12 |
| 230 Soy Tasty (flaked grains, soy nuts, dried fruit) (Sanitarium, Australia) | 60 ± 5 |
| 231 Soytana, Vogel’s, soy and linseed bran crunch with sultanas (20.1 g fiber/100 g) (Specialty Cereals, Mt Kuring-gai, Australia) | 49 ± 3 |
| 232 Sultana Bran (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 73 ± 13 |
| 233 Sustain (Kellogg’s, Australia)13 | 68 |
| 234 Team (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 | 82 |
| 235 Thank Goodness (Hubbards, New Zealand) | 65 ± 18 |
| 236 Total (General Mills Inc, Canada)15 | 76 |
| 237 Ultra-bran, Vogel’s, soy and linseed al (30.2 g fiber/100 g) (Specialty Cereals, Australia) | 41 ± 4 |
| 238 Wheat-bites (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 72 ± 11 |
| 239 Wheat biscuits (plain flaked wheat) | |
| Vita-Brits (Uncle Toby’s, Australia)13 | 61 |
| Vita-Brits (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 68 ± 6 |
| Weet-Bix (Sanitarium, Australia) | 69 |
| Weet-Bix (Sanitarium, Australia) | 69 ± 4 |
| Weetabix (Weetabix of Canada Ltd, Thornhill, Canada)15 | 74 |
| Weetabix (Weetabix of Canada Ltd) | 75 ± 10 |
| Whole-wheat Goldies (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 70 ± 4 |
| Mean of 7 studies | 70 ± 2 |
| Wheat biscuits (flaked wheat) with additional ingredients | |
| 240 Good Start, muesli wheat biscuits (Sanitarium, Australia) | 68 ± 4 |
| 241 Hi-Bran Weet-Bix, wheat biscuits with extra wheat bran (Sanitarium, Australia) | 61 ± 4 |
| 242 Hi-Bran Weet-Bix with soy and linseed (Sanitarium, Australia) | 57 ± 3 |
| 243 Honey Goldies (Kellogg’s Australia) | 72 ± 3 |
| 244 Lite-Bix, plain, no added sugar (Sanitarium, Australia) | 70 ± 3 |
| 245 Oat bran Weet-Bix (Sanitarium, Australia) | 57 ± 4 |
| 246 Sultana Goldies (Kellogg’s Australia) | 65 ± 6 |
| BREAKFAST CEREAL BARS | |
| 247 Crunchy Nut Cornflakes bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 72 ± 6 |
| 248 Fibre Plus bar (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 78 ± 9 |
| 249 Fruity-Bix bar, fruit and nut, wheat biscuit cereal with dried fruit and nuts with yogurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) | 56 ± 4 |
| 250 Fruity-Bix bar, wild berry, wheat biscuit cereal with fruit and covered with yogurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) | 51 ± 4 |
| 251 K-Time Just Right bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 72 ± 4 |
| 252 K-Time Strawberry Crunch bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77 ± 5 |
| 253 Rice Bubble Treat bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 63 ± 11 |
| 254 Sustain bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 57 ± 10 |
| CEREAL GRAINS | |
| Amaranth | |
| 255 Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and nonnutritive sweetener (India) | 97 ± 19 |
| Barley | |
| 256 Pearl barley | |
| Barley, pearled (Canada) | 22 |
| Barley (Canada) | 22 |
| Barley, pot, boiled in salted water 20 min (Gouda’s foods, Concord, Canada) | 25 ± 2 |
| Barley (Canada) | 27 |
| Barley, pearled (Canada) | 29 |
| Mean of 5 studies | 25 ± 1 |
| 257 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) | |
| Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) | 37 |
| Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) | 48 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 43 ± 6 |
| 258 Barley, cracked (Malthouth, Tunisia) | 50 |
| 259 Barley, rolled (Australia) | 66 ± 5 |
| 260 Buckwheat | |
| Buckwheat (Canada) | 49 |
| Buckwheat (Canada) | 51 ± 10 |
| Buckwheat (Canada) | 63 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 54 ± 4 |
| 261 Buckwheat groats, hydrothermally treated, dehusked, boiled 12 min (Sweden) | 45 |
| Corn and maize | |
| 262 Maize (Zea mays), flour made into chapatti (India) | 59 |
| 263 Maize meal porridge, gruel (Kenya) | 109 |
| 264 Cornmeal | |
| Cornmeal, boiled in salted water 2 min (McNair Products Co Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 68 |
| Cornmeal + margarine (McNair Products Co Ltd, Canada) | 69 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 69 ± 1 |
| 265 Sweet corn | |
| Sweet corn, honey and pearl variety (New Zealand) | 37 ± 12 |
| Sweet corn, on the cob, boiled 20 min (Australia) | 48 |
| Sweet corn (Canada) | 59 ± 11 |
| Sweet corn (USA) | 60 |
| Sweet corn (USA) | 60 |
| Sweet corn (South Africa) | 62 ± 5 |
| Mean of 6 studies | 53 ± 4 |
| 266 Sweet corn, whole kernel, canned, diet-pack, drained, featherweight (USA) | 46 |
| 267 Sweet corn, frozen, reheated in microwave | |
| (Green Giant Pillsbury Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 47 |
| 268 Taco shells, cornmeal based, baked (Old El Paso Foods Co, Toronto, Canada) | 68 |
| Couscous | |
| 269 Couscous, boiled 5 min | |
| Couscous, boiled 5 min (Near East Food Products Co, Leominster, MA, USA) | 61 |
| Couscous, boiled 5 min (Tunisia) | 69 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 65 ± 4 |
| Millet | |
| 270 Millet, boiled (Canada) | 71 ± 10 |
| 271 Millet flour porridge (Kenya) | 107 |
| Rice, white | |
| 272 Arborio, risotto rice, boiled (Sun Rice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op, Leeton, Australia) | 69 ± 7 |
| 273 White (Oryza sativa), boiled (India) | 69 ± 15 |
| 274 Rice, boiled white, type NS | |
| Type NS, eaten alone (France) | 45 |
| Type NS (India) | 48 |
| Type NS (Canada) | 51 |
| Type NS (France) | 52 |
| Type NS (Canada) | 56 |
| Type NS (Pakistan) | 69 |
| Type NS (Canada) | 72 ± 9 |
| Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) | 72 |
| Type NS, boiled 13 min (Italy) | 102 |
| Type NS (Kenya) | 112 |
| Type NS, boiled (France) | 43 |
| Type NS, boiled (France) | 47 |
| Mean of 12 studies | 64 ± 7 |
| 275 Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated 16?20 h, reheated (India) | 53 |
| 276 Type NS, boiled 13 min, then baked 10 min (Italy) | 104 |
| 277 Long grain, boiled | |
| Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) | 41 |
| Long grain, white, unconverted, boiled 15 min (Mahatma brand- Riviana Foods, Wetherill Park, Australia) | 50 |
| Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc, Toronto, Canada) | 55 |
| Long grain, white (Uncle Bens, Auckland, New Zealand) | 56 ± 7 |
| Long grain, boiled 25 min (Surinam) | 56 ± 2 |
| Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc, Canada) | 57 |
| Long grain, boiled 15 min | 58 |
| Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc, Canada) | 60 |
| Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc, Canada) | 60 |
| Long grain, white, boiled 7 min (Star brand- Gouda foods, Concord, Canada) | 64 ± 3 |
| Mean of 10 studies | 56 ± 2 |
| Rice, long grain, quick-cooking varieties | |
| 278 Long grain, parboiled 10 min cooking time (Uncle Ben’s- Masterfoods, Belgium) | 68 ± 6 |
| 279 Long grain, parboiled, 20 min cooking time (Uncle Ben’s- Masterfoods, Belgium) | 75 ± 7 |
| 280 Long grain, white, precooked, microwaved 2 min (Express Rice, plain, Uncle Ben’s- King’s Lynn, Norfolk, UK) | 52 ± 5 |
| Rice, specialty rices | |
| 281 Cajun Style (Uncle Ben’s- Effem Foods Ltd, Bolton, Canada) | 51 |
| 282 Garden Style (Uncle Ben’s- Effem Foods Ltd, Canada) | 55 |
| 283 Long Grain and Wild (Uncle Ben’s- Effem Foods Ltd, Canada) | 54 |
| 284 Mexican Fast and Fancy (Uncle Ben’s- Effem Foods Ltd, Canada) | 58 |
| 285 Saskatchewan wild rice (Canada) | 57 |
| 286 Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) | 86 ± 10 |
| 287 Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Mill, Bangkok, Thailand) | 98 ± 7 |
| 288 Jasmine rice, white long grain, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) | 109 ± 10 |
| Rice, white low-amylose | |
| 289 Calrose, white, medium grain, boiled (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 83 ± 13 |
| 290 Sungold, Pelde, parboiled (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 87 ± 7 |
| 291 Waxy (0?2% amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 88 ± 11 |
| 292 Pelde, white (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 93 ± 11 |
| 293 White, low-amylose, boiled (Turkey) | 139 |
| Rice, white high-amylose | |
| 294 Bangladeshi rice variety BR16 | |
| Bangladeshi rice variety BR16 (28% amylose) | 37 |
| Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, white, long grain (27% amylose), boiled 17.5 min | 39 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 38 |
| 295 Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | |
| Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 50 ± 6 |
| Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 64 ± 9 |
| Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 54 ± 7 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 56 ± 4 |
| 296 Koshikari (Japonica), white, short-grain, boiled 15 min then steamed 10 min (Japan) | 48 ± 8 |
| 297 Basmati | |
| Basmati, white, boiled (Mahatma brand, Sydney, Australia) | 58 ± 8 |
| Precooked basmati rice in pouch, white, reheated in microwave (Uncle Ben’s Express- Masterfoods. Kings Lynn, Norfolk, UK) | 57 ± 4 |
| Quick-cooking white basmati, cooked 10 min (Uncle Ben’s Superior- Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) | 60 ± 5 |
| 298 Rice, brown | |
| Brown (Canada) | 66 ± 5 |
| Brown, steamed (USA)8 | 50 |
| Brown (Oryza sativa), boiled (South India)8 | 50 ± 19 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 55 ± 5 |
| Calrose brown (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 87 ± 8 |
| Doongara brown, high-amylose (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 66 ± 7 |
| Pelde brown (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 76 ± 6 |
| Parboiled, cooked 20 min (Uncle Ben’s Natur-reis- Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) | 64 ± 7 |
| Sunbrown Quick (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 80 ± 7 |
| 299 Instant or puffed rice | |
| Instant rice, white, boiled 1 min (Canada) | 46 |
| Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min (Trice brand- Australia) | 87 |
| Puffed, white, cooked 5 min (Uncle Ben’s Snabbris- Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) | 74 ± 5 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 69 ± 12 |
| Instant doongara, white, cooked 5 min (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 94 ± 7 |
| 300 Parboiled rice | |
| Parboiled rice (Canada) | 48 |
| Parboiled rice (USA) | 72 |
| Converted, white (Uncle Ben’s- Effem Foods Ltd, Canada) | 45 |
| Converted, white, boiled 20?30 min (Uncle Ben’s- Masterfoods USA, Vernon, CA) | 38 |
| Converted, white, long grain, boiled 20?30 min (Uncle Ben’s- Masterfoods USA) | 50 |
| Boiled, 12 min (Denmark)6 | 39 |
| Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) | 42 |
| Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) | 43 |
| Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) | 46 |
| Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) | 38 |
| Long grain, boiled, 10 min (USA)8 | 61 |
| Long grain, boiled 15 min (Canada) | 47 |
| Long grain, boiled 25 min (Canada) | 46 |
| Mean of 13 studies | 47 ± 3 |
| 301 Parboiled rice, eaten as part of a traditional Indian meal (India)8 | 99 |
| 302 Parboiled, low-amylose | |
| Bangladeshi rice variety BR2, parboiled (12% amylose) | 51 |
| Parboiled, low-amylose, Pelde, Sungold (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 87 ± 7 |
| 303 Parboiled, high-amylose | |
| Parboiled, high-amylose (28%), Doongara (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 50 ± 6 |
| Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, parboiled (28% amylose) | 35 |
| Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, traditionally parboiled (27% amylose) | 32 |
| Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, pressure parboiled (27% amylose) | 27 |
| Bangladeshi rice variety BR4, parboiled (27% amylose) | 33 |
| Mean of 5 studies | 35 ± 4 |
| 304 Rye, whole kernels | |
| Rye, whole kernels (Canada) | 29 |
| Rye, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) | 34 |
| Rye, whole kernels (Canada) | 39 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 34 ± 3 |
| Wheat | |
| 305 Wheat, whole kernels | |
| Wheat, whole kernels (Triticum aestivum) (India)11 | 30 ± 9 |
| Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) | 42 |
| Wheat, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) | 44 |
| Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) | 48 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 41 ± 3 |
| 306 Wheat, type NS (India) | 90 |
| 307 Wheat, precooked kernels | |
| Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 20 min (Ebly, Chateaudun, France) | 52 ± 4 |
| Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 10 min (Ebly, France) | 50 ± 5 |
| Durum wheat, precooked in pouch, reheated in microwave (Ebly Express- Ebly, France) | 40 ± 5 |
| Quick cooking (White Wings, Sydney, Australia) | 54 ± 11 |
| 308 Semolina | |
| Semolina, roasted at 105 °C then gelatinized with water (India) | 55 ± 9 |
| Semolina, steamed and gelatinized (India) | 54 ± 13 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 55 ± 1 |
| 309 Cracked wheat (bulgur or bourghul) | |
| Bulgur, boiled (Canada) | 46 |
| Bulgur, boiled in 800 mL water 20 min (Canada) | 46 |
| Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) | 46 |
| Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) | 53 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 48 ± 2 |
| COOKIES | |
| Arrowroot | |
| 310 Arrowroot (McCormicks’s, Interbare Foods, Toronto, Canada) | 63 |
| 311 Arrowroot plus (McCormicks’s, Canada) | 62 |
| 312 Milk Arrowroot (Arnotts, Sydney, Australia) | 69 ± 7 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 65 ± 2 |
| 313 Barquette Abricot (LU, Ris, Orangis, France) | 71 ± 6 |
| 314 Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) | 57 ± 9 |
| 315 Bebe Dobre Rano Honey and Hazelnuts (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) | 51 ± 9 |
| 316 Bebe Jemne Susenky (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) | 67 ± 11 |
| 317 Digestives | |
| Digestives (Canada) | 55 |
| Digestives (Canada) | 59 ± 7 |
| Digestives, Peak Freans (Nabisco Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 62 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 59 ± 2 |
| 318 Digestives, gluten-free (maize starch) (Nutricia Dietary Care Ltd, Redish, Stockport, UK) | 58 |
| 319 Evergreen met Krenten (LU, Netherlands) | 66 ± 12 |
| 320 Golden Fruit (Griffin’s Foods Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand) | 77 ± 25 |
| 321 Graham Wafers (Christie Brown and Co, Toronto, Canada) | 74 |
| 322 Gran?Dia Banana, Oats and Honey (LU, Brazil) | 28 ± 5 |
| 323 Grany en-cas Abricot (LU, France) | 55 ± 6 |
| 324 Grany en-cas Fruits des bois (LU, France) | 50 ± 5 |
| 325 Grany Rush Apricot (LU, Netherlands) | 62 ± 3 |
| 326 Highland Oatmeal (Westons biscuits, Sydney, Australia) | 55 ± 8 |
| 327 Highland Oatcakes (Walker’s Shortbread Ltd, Aberlour-on-Spey, Scotland) | 57 |
| 328 LU P?tit Déjeuner Chocolat (LU, France) | 42 ± 5 |
| 329 LU P?tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat (LU, France) | 45 ± 5 |
| LU P?tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat Chocolat (LU, France) | 52 ± 3 |
| LU P?tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat (LU, France) | 49 ± 8 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 49 ± 2 |
| 330 Maltmeal wafer (Griffin’s Foods Ltd, New Zealand) | 50 ± 10 |
| 331 Morning Coffee (Arnotts, Australia) | 79 ± 6 |
| 332 Nutrigrain Fruits des bois (Kellogg’s, France) | 57 ± 4 |
| 333 Oatmeal (Canada) | 54 ± 4 |
| 334 Oro (Saiwa, Italy) | |
| Oro (Saiwa, Italy) | 61 ± 9 |
| Oro (Saiwa, Italy) | 67 ± 17 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 64 ± 3 |
| 335 Petit LU Normand (LU, France) | 51 ± 3 |
| 336 Petit LU Roussillon (LU, France) | 48 ± 4 |
| 337 Prince Energie+ (LU, France) | 73 ± 5 |
| 338 Prince fourré chocolat (LU, France) | |
| Prince fourré chocolat (LU, France) | 53 ± 5 |
| Prince fourré chocolat (LU, France) | 50 ± 5 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 52 ± 2 |
| 339 Prince Meganana Chocolate (LU, Spain) | 49 ± 12 |
| 340 Prince Petit Déjeuner Vanille (LU, France and Spain) | 45 ± 6 |
| 341 Rich Tea (Canada) | 55 ± 4 |
| 342 Sablé des Flandres (LU, France) | 57 ± 10 |
| 343 Shortbread (Arnotts, Australia) | 64 ± 8 |
| 344 Shredded Wheatmeal (Arnotts, Australia) | 62 ± 4 |
| 345 Snack Right Fruit Slice (97% fat-free) (Arnott’s, Australia) | 45 ± 3 |
| 346 Thé (LU, France) | 41 ± 7 |
| 347 Vanilla Wafers (Christie Brown and Co, Canada) | 77 |
| 348 Véritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) | 51 ± 8 |
| fructo | |
| 349 Breton wheat crackers (Dare Foods Ltd, Kitchener, Canada) | 67 |
| 350 Corn Thins, puffed corn cakes, gluten-free (Real Foods, St Peters, Australia) | 87 ± 10 |
| 351 Cream Cracker (LU Triumfo, Brazil) | 65 ± 11 |
| 352 high-calcium cracker (Danone, Malaysia) | 52 ± 8 |
| 353 Jatz, plain salted craker biscuits (Arnotts, Australia) | 55 ± 5 |
| 354 Puffed Crispbread (Westons, Australia) | 81 ± 9 |
| 355 Puffed rice cakes | |
| Puffed rice cakes, white (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 82 ± 11 |
| Rice cakes, Calrose rice (low-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 91 ± 7 |
| Rice cakes, Doongara rice (high-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) | 61 ± 5 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 78 ± 9 |
| 356 Rye crispbread | |
| Rye crispbread (Canada) | 63 |
| Ryvita (Canada) | 69 ± 10 |
| high-fiber rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd, Poole, Dorset, UK) | 59 |
| Rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd, UK) | 63 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 64 ± 2 |
| 357 Kavli Norwegian Crispbread (Players Biscuits, Sydney, Australia) | 71 ± 7 |
| 358 Sao, plain square crackers (Arnotts, Australia) | 70 ± 9 |
| 359 Stoned Wheat Thins (Christie Brown and Co, Canada) | 67 |
| 360 Water cracker | |
| Water cracker (Canada) | 63 ± 9 |
| Water cracker (Arnotts, Australia) | 78 ± 11 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 71 ± 8 |
| 361 Premium Soda Crackers (Christie Brown and Co, Canada) | 74 |
| 362 Vita-wheat, original, crispbread (Arnott’s Australia) | 55 ± 4 |
| DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES | |
| Custard | |
| 363 No Bake Egg Custard, prepared from powder with whole milk (Nestlé, Australia) | 35 ± 2 |
| 364 Custard, home made from milk, wheat starch, and sugar (Australia) | 43 ± 10 |
| 365 TRIM, reduced-fat custard (Pauls Ltd, South Brisbane, Australia) | 37 ± 4 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 38 ± 2 |
| 366 Ice cream, regular, NS | |
| Ice cream, NS (Canada) | 36 ± 8 |
| Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy) | 57 |
| Ice cream, NS (USA) | 62 |
| Ice cream, chocolate flavored (USA) | 68 ± 15 |
| Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy) | 80 |
| Mean of 5 studies | 61 ± 7 |
| 367 Ice cream, reduced- or low-fat | |
| Ice cream, low-fat, vanilla (Light- Peter’s, Sydney, Australia) | 50 ± 8 |
| Ice-cream, low-fat (1.2% fat) (Prestige | |
| Light rich vanilla- Norco, Lismore, Australia)6 | 47 ± 5 |
| Ice-cream, low-fat (1.4% fat) (Prestige | |
| Light traditional toffee- Norco, Australia)6 | 37 ± 4 |
| Ice-cream, reduced-fat (7.1% fat) | |
| (Prestige golden macadamia- Norco, Australia)6 | 39 ± 3 |
| 368 Ice cream, premium (high-fat) | |
| Ice cream, premium, ultra chocolate, 15% fat (Sara Lee, Gosford, Australia) | 37 ± 3 |
| Ice cream, premium, French vanilla, 16% fat (Sara Lee, Australia) | 38 ± 3 |
| 369 Milk, full-fat | |
| Full-fat (Italy) | 11 |
| Full-fat (3% fat- Skånemejerier, Malmö, Sweden) | 21 |
| Full-fat (Italy) | 24 |
| Full-fat cow milk, fresh (Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 31 ± 2 |
| Full-fat (Canada) | 34 ± 6 |
| Full-fat (USA) | 40 |
| Mean of 5 studies | 27 ± 4 |
| 370 Fermented cow milk (ropy milk, långfil, 3% fat) (Arla, Gävle, Sweden)6 | 11 |
| 371 Fermented cow milk (filmjölk, 3% fat) (Skånemejerier, Malmö, Sweden)6 | 11 |
| Mean of 2 foods | 11 |
| 372 Milk, full-fat, plus bran | |
| Full-fat + 20 g wheat bran (Italy) | 25 |
| Full-fat + 20 g wheat bran (Italy) | 28 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 27 ± 2 |
| 373 Milk, skim (Canada) | 32 ± 5 |
| 374 Milk, condensed, sweetened (Nestlé, Australia) | 61 ± 6 |
| 375 Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with aspartame (Lite White- Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 24 ± 6 |
| 376 Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with sugar (Lite White- Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 34 ± 4 |
| 377 Mousse, reduced-fat, prepared from commerical mousse mix with water | |
| Butterscotch, 1.9% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 36 ± 4 |
| Chocolate, 2% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 31 ± 4 |
| Hazelnut, 2.4% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 36 ± 4 |
| Mango, 1.8% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 33 ± 5 |
| Mixed berry, 2.2% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 36 ± 5 |
| Strawberry, 2.3% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 32 ± 3 |
| Mean of 6 foods | 34 ± 1 |
| 378 Pudding | |
| Instant, chocolate, made from powder and whole milk (White Wings, Australia) | 47 ± 4 |
| Instant, vanilla, made from powder and whole milk (White Wings, Australia) | 40 ± 4 |
| Mean of 2 foods | 44 ± 4 |
| 379 Yogurt | |
| Yogurt, NS (Canada) | 36 ± 4 |
| 380 Low-fat yogurt | |
| Low-fat, fruit, aspartame (Ski- Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 14 ± 4 |
| Low-fat, fruit, sugar (Ski- Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 33 ± 7 |
| Low-fat (0.9%), fruit, wild strawberry (Ski d’lite- Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 31 ± 14 |
| 381 Nonfat yogurt, sweetened with acesulfame K and Splenda | |
| Diet Vaalia, exotic fruits (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 23 ± 2 |
| Diet Vaalia, mango (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 23 ± 2 |
| Diet Vaalia, mixed berry (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 25 ± 3 |
| Diet Vaalia, strawberry (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 23 ± 2 |
| Diet Vaalia, vanilla (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 23 ± 2 |
| Mean of 5 foods | 24 ± 1 |
| 382 Reduced-fat yogurt | |
| Reduced-fat, Vaalia, apricot and mango (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 26 ± 4 |
| Reduced-fat, Vaalia, french vanilla (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 26 ± 4 |
| Reduced-fat, strawberry (Extra-Lite- Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 28 ± 4 |
| Mean of 3 foods | 27 ± 1 |
| 383 Yogurt drink, reduced-fat, Vaalia, tropical passion fruit (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 38 ± 4 |
| Soy-based dairy product alternatives | |
| 384 Soy milks (containing maltodextrin) | |
| Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 0 mg Cal, Original (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 44 ± 5 |
| Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 120 mg Cal, Calciforte (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 36 ± 4 |
| Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), 120 mg Cal, Light (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 44 ± 3 |
| 385 Soy milk drinks | |
| Soy smoothie drink, banana, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 30 ± 3 |
| Soy smoothie drink, chocolate hazelnut, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 34 ± 3 |
| Mean of 2 drinks | 32 ± 2 |
| Up and Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium, Australia)6 | 43 ± 5 |
| Up and Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium, Australia)6 | 46 ± 5 |
| Mean of 2 drinks | 45 ± 2 |
| Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose) (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 39 ± 2 |
| 386 Soy yogurt | |
| Soy yogurt, peach and mango, 2% fat, sugar (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 50 ± 3 |
| 387 Tofu-based frozen dessert, chocolate with high fructose (24%) corn syrup (USA) | 115 ± 14 |
| FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS | |
| 388 Apples, raw | |
| Apple, NS (Denmark) | 28 |
| Apple, braeburn (New Zealand)6 | 32 ± 4 |
| Apple, NS (Canada) | 34 |
| Apple, golden delicious (Canada) | 39 ± 3 |
| Apple, NS (USA) | 40 |
| Apple, NS (Italy) | 44 |
| Mean of 6 studies | 38 ± 2 |
| 389 Apple juice | |
| Apple juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berrivale Orchards Ltd, Berri, Australia) | 39 ± 5 |
| Apple juice, unsweetened (USA) | 40 |
| Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) | 41 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 40 ± 1 |
| 390 Apple, dried (Australia) | 29 ± 5 |
| Apricots | |
| 391 Apricots, raw, NS (Italy) | 57 |
| 392 Apricots, canned in light syrup (Riviera, Aliments Caneast Foods, Montreal, Canada) | 64 |
| 393 Apricots, dried | |
| Apricots, dried (Australia) | 30 ± 7 |
| Apricots, dried (Wasco foods, Montreal, Canada) | 32 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 31 ± 1 |
| 394 Apricot fruit bar, puréed dried apricot filling in whole-meal pastry (Mother Earth, Auckland, New Zealand) | 50 ± 8 |
| 395 Apricot fruit spread, reduced sugar (Glen Ewin Jams, Para Hills, Australia) | 55 ± 7 |
| 396 Apricot Fruity Bitz, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd, Balgowlah, Australia) | 42 ± 3 |
| 397 Banana, raw | |
| Banana (Canada) | 46 |
| Banana (Italy) | 58 |
| Banana (Canada) | 58 |
| Banana (Canada) | 62 ± 9 |
| Banana (South Africa) | 70 ± 5 |
| Banana, ripe, all yellow (USA) | 51 |
| Banana, underripe (Denmark) | 30 |
| Banana, slightly underripe, yellow with green sections (USA) | 42 |
| Banana, overripe, yellow flecked with brown (USA) | 48 |
| Banana, overripe (Denmark) | 52 |
| Mean of 10 studies | 52 ± 4 |
| 398 Banana, processed fruit fingers, Heinz Kidz (H J Heinz, Malvern, Australia) | 61 ± 11 |
| 399 Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), raw (Australia)6 | 68 |
| 400 Cherries, raw, NS (Canada) | 22 |
| 401 Chico (Zapota zapotilla coville), raw (Philippines)6 | 40 |
| 402 Cranberry juice | |
| Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, Australia) | 52 ± 3 |
| Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc, USA) | 68 ± 3 |
| Cranberry juice drink (Ocean Spray- Gerber Ltd, Bridgewater, Somerset, UK) | 56 ± 4 |
| 403 Custard apple, raw, flesh only (Australia) | 54 ± 2 |
| 404 Dates, dried (Australia) | 103 ± 21 |
| 405 Figs, dried, tenderized, Dessert Maid brand (Ernest Hall and Sons, Sydney, Australia) | 61 ± 6 |
| 406 Fruit Cocktail, canned (Delmonte Canadian Canners Ltd, Hamilton, Canada) | 55 |
| 407 Grapefruit, raw (Canada) | 25 |
| 408 Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) | 48 |
| 409 Grapes, raw | |
| Grapes, NS (Canada) | 43 |
| Grapes, NS (Italy) | 49 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 46 ± 3 |
| Grapes, black, Waltham Cross (Australia) | 59 |
| 410 Kiwi fruit, raw | |
| Kiwi fruit, Hayward (New Zealand)6 | 47 ± 4 |
| Kiwi fruit (Australia)6 | 58 ± 7 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 53 ± 6 |
| 411 Lychee, canned in syrup and drained, Narcissus brand (China) | 79 ± 8 |
| 412 Mango, raw | |
| Mango (Mangifera indica) (Philippines)6 | 41 |
| Mango (Mangifera indica) (Australia)6 | 51 ± 3 |
| Mango, ripe (Mangifera indica) (India)11 | 60 ± 16 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 51 ± 5 |
| 413 Mango, low-fat frozen fruit dessert (Frutia- Weis Frozen Foods, Toowong, Australia) | 42 ± 3 |
| 414 Marmalade, orange (Australia) | 48 ± 9 |
| 415 Oranges, raw | |
| Oranges, NS (Denmark) | 31 |
| Oranges, NS (South Africa) | 33 ± 6 |
| Oranges, NS (Canada) | 40 ± 3 |
| Oranges, NS (Italy) | 48 |
| Oranges (Sunkist, Van Nuys, CA, USA) | 48 |
| Oranges NS (Canada) | 51 |
| Mean of 6 studies | 42 ± 3 |
| 416 Orange juice | |
| Orange Juice (Canada) | 46 ± 6 |
| Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, Quelch brand (Berri Ltd, Australia) | 53 ± 6 |
| Orange juice, reconstituted from frozen concentrate (USA) | 57 ± 6 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 52 ± 3 |
| 417 Paw paw and papaya, raw | |
| Paw paw (Carica papaya) (Australia)6 | 56 ± 6 |
| Paw paw (papaya), ripe (India)11 | 60 ± 16 |
| Papaya (Carica papaya) (Philippines)6 | 60 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 59 ± 1 |
| Peaches | |
| 418 Peach, raw | |
| Peach, raw (Canada) | 28 |
| Peach, raw (Italy) | 56 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 42 ± 14 |
| 419 Peach, canned in natural juice | |
| Peach, canned in natural juice (Goulburn Valley, Ardmona Foods, Mooroopna, Australia) | 30 ± 4 |
| Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd, Shepparton, Australia) | 45 ± 6 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 38 ± 8 |
| 420 Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Letona Foods, Hawthorn East, Australia) | 58 ± 11 |
| 421 Peach, canned in light syrup (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd) | 52 |
| 422 Peach, canned in reduced-sugar syrup (SPC Lite- SPC Ltd, Australia) | 62 ± 9 |
| Pears | |
| 423 Pear, raw, NS (Canada) | 33 |
| 424 Pear, winter Nellis, raw (New Zealand)6 | 34 ± 4 |
| 425 Pear, Bartlett, raw (Canada) | 41 |
| 426 Pear, raw, NS (Italy) | 42 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 38 ± 2 |
| 427 Pear halves, canned in reduced-sugar syrup (SPC Lite- SPC Ltd, Australia) | 25 ± 6 |
| 428 Pear halves, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd, Australia) | 43 ± 15 |
| 429 Pear, canned in pear juice, Bartlett (Delmonte Canadian Canners Ltd) | 44 |
| Pineapple | |
| 430 Pineapple (Ananas comosus), raw | |
| Pineapple, raw (Australia)6 | 66 ± 7 |
| Pineapple, raw (Philippines)6 | 51 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 59 ± 8 |
| 431 Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada) | 46 |
| Plums | |
| 432 Plum, raw, NS | |
| Plum, raw, NS (Canada) | 24 |
| Plum, raw, NS (Italy) | 53 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 39 ± 15 |
| 433 Prunes, pitted (Sunsweet Growers Inc, Yuba City, CA, USA) | 29 ± 4 |
| 434 Raisins (Canada) | 64 ± 11 |
| 435 Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)6 | 65 ± 9 |
| 436 Strawberries, fresh, raw (Australia)6 | 40 ± 7 |
| 437 Strawberry jam | 51 ± 10 |
| 438 Strawberry processed fruit bars, Real Fruit Bars (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 90 ± 12 |
| 439 Sultanas | 56 ± 11 |
| 440 Tomato juice, no added sugar (Berri Ltd, Australia) | 38 ± 4 |
| 441 Tropical Fruity Bitz, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd, Australia) | 41 ± 3 |
| 442 Vitari, wild berry, nondairy, frozen fruit dessert (Nestlé, Australia) | 59 ± 8 |
| 443 Watermelon, raw (Australia)6 | 72 ± 13 |
| 444 Wild Berry Fruity Bitz, vitamin- and | |
| mineral-enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd, Australia) | 35 ± 4 |
| INFANT FORMULA AND WEANING FOODS | |
| 445 Formula | |
| Infasoy, soy-based, milk-free (Wyeth Nutritionals, Baulkham Hills, Australia)6 | 55 ± 6 |
| Karicare gold starter formula with omega | |
| plus LCP oils (Nutricia, Auckland, New Zealand)6 | 35 ± 5 |
| Nan-1 infant formula with iron (Nestlé, Sydney, Australia)6 | 30 ± 6 |
| S-26 infant formula (Wyeth Nutritionals, Australia)6 | 36 ± 6 |
| Weaning foods | |
| 446 Farex baby rice (Heinz Wattie’s Ltd, | |
| Malvern, Australia)6 | 95 ± 13 |
| 447 Robinsons First Tastes from 4 months (Nutricia, Wells, UK) | |
| Apple, apricot and banana cereal6 | 56 ± 8 |
| Creamed porridge6 | 59 ± 8 |
| Rice pudding6 | 59 ± 6 |
| 448 Heinz for Baby from 4 months (Heinz Wattie’s Ltd, Australia) | |
| Chicken and noodles with vegetables (strained)6 | 67 ± 11 |
| Sweetcorn and rice6 | 65 ± 13 |
| LEGUMES AND NUTS | |
| 449 Baked beans | |
| Baked beans, canned (Canada) | 40 ± 3 |
| Baked beans, canned haricot and navy beans in tomato sauce (Libby, McNeill and Libby, Chatham, Canada) | 56 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 48 ± 8 |
| 450 Beans, dried, boiled | |
| Beans, dried, type NS (Italy) | 36 |
| Beans, dried, type NS (Italy) | 20 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 29 ± 9 |
| 451 Black-eyed beans and peas (Cowpeas), boiled | |
| Black-eyed beans (Canada) | 50 |
| Black-eyed beans (Canada) | 33 ± 4 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 42 ± 9 |
| 452 Butter beans | |
| Butter beans (South Africa) | 28 ± 7 |
| Butter beans, dried, cooked 1.25 h (South Africa) | 29 ± 8 |
| Butter beans (Canada) | 36 ± 4 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 31 ± 3 |
| Butter beans, dried, boiled + 5 g sucrose (South Africa) | 30 ± 2 |
| Butter beans, dried, boiled + 10 g sucrose (South Africa) | 31 ± 2 |
| Butter beans, dried, boiled + 15 g sucrose (South Africa) | 54 ± 4 |
| 453 Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), boiled | |
| Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum Linn), dried, soaked, boiled 35 min (Philippines) | 10 |
| Chickpeas, dried, boiled (Canada) | 31 |
| Chickpeas (Canada) | 33 |
| Chickpeas (Canada) | 36 ± 5 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 28 ± 6 |
| 454 Chickpeas, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 42 |
| 455 Chickpeas, curry, canned (Canasia Foods Ltd, Scarborough, Canada) | 41 |
| 456 Haricot and navy beans | |
| Haricot and navy beans, pressure cooked (15 psi) 25 min (King Grains, Toronto, Canada) | 29 |
| Haricot and navy beans, dried, boiled (Canada) | 30 |
| Haricot and navy beans, boiled (Canada) | 31 ± 6 |
| Haricot and navy beans (King Grains, Canada) | 39 |
| Haricot and navy beans, pressure cooked (15 psi) 25 min (King Grains, Canada) | 59 |
| Mean of 5 studies | 38 ± 6 |
| 457 Kidney beans | |
| Kidney/white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked, boiled 17 min (Philippines) | 13 |
| Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (India) | 19 |
| Kidney beans (USA)8 | 23 |
| Kidney beans, dried, boiled (France) | 23 ± 1 |
| Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), red, soaked 20 min, boiled 70 min (Sweden) | 25 |
| Kidney beans (Canada) | 29 ± 8 |
| Kidney beans, dried, boiled (Canada) | 42 |
| Kidney beans (Canada) | 46 |
| Mean of 8 studies | 28 ± 4 |
| 458 Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), autoclaved | 34 |
| 459 Kidney beans, canned (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd, Canada) | 52 |
| 460 Kidney beans, dried, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h (India)11 | 70 ± 11 |
| 461 Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked overnight, cooked 45 min (Philippines) | 20 |
| 462 Lentils, type NS | |
| Lentils, type NS (USA) | 28 |
| Lentils, type NS (Canada) | 29 ± 3 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 29 ± 1 |
| 463 Lentils, green | |
| Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Canada) | 22 |
| Lentils, green, dried, boiled (France) | 30 ± 15 |
| Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Australia) | 37 ± 3 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 30 ± 4 |
| 464 Lentils, green, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd, Canada) | 52 |
| 465 Lentils, red | |
| Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) | 18 |
| Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) | 21 |
| Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) | 31 |
| Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) | 32 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 26 ± 4 |
| 466 Lima beans, baby, frozen, reheated in microwave oven (York, Canada Packers, Toronto, Canada) | 32 |
| 467 Marrowfat peas | |
| Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (USA) | 31 |
| Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (Canada) | 47 ± 3 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 39 ± 8 |
| 468 Mung beans | |
| Mung bean (Phaseolus areus Roxb.), soaked, boiled 20 min (Philippines) | 31 |
| Mung bean, fried (Australia) | 53 ± 8 |
| Mung bean, germinated (Australia) | 25 ± 4 |
| Mung bean, pressure cooked (Australia) | 42 ± 5 |
| 469 Peas, dried, boiled (Australia) | 22 |
| 470 Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Linn Huth.), soaked, boiled 45 min (Philippines) | 22 |
| 471 Pinto beans | |
| Pinto beans, dried, boiled (Canada) | 39 |
| Pinto beans, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd, Canada) | 45 |
| 472 Romano beans (Canada) | 46 |
| 473 Soya beans | |
| Soya beans, dried, boiled (Canada) | 15 ± 5 |
| Soya beans, dried, boiled (Australia) | 20 ± 3 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 18 ± 3 |
| Soya beans, canned (Canada) | 14 ± 2 |
| 474 Split peas, yellow, boiled 20 min (Nupack, Mississauga, Canada) | 32 |
| MEAL-REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS | |
| 475 Hazelnut and apricot bar (Dietworks, South Yarra, Australia) | 42 ± 7 |
| 476 L.E.A.N products (Usana Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, US) | |
| L.E.A.N Fibergy bar, harvest oat | 45 ± 4 |
| Nutrimeal, drink powder, dutch chocolate | 26 ± 3 |
| L.E.A.N (Life long) Nutribar, peanut crunch | 30 ± 4 |
| L.E.A.N (Life long) Nutribar, chocolate crunch | 32 ± 4 |
| Mean of 2 Nutribars | 31 ± 1 |
| Worldwide Sport Nutrition reduced-carbohydrate products (Worldwide Sport Nutritional Supplements Inc, Largo, FL, US) | |
| 477 Designer chocolate, sugar-free6 | 14 ± 3 |
| 478 Burn-it bars | |
| Chocolate deluxe6 | 29 ± 3 |
| Peanut butter6 | 23 ± 3 |
| 479 Pure-protein bars | |
| Chewy choc-chip6 | 30 ± 4 |
| Chocolate deluxe6 | 38 ± 4 |
| Peanut butter6 | 22 ± 4 |
| Strawberry shortcake6 | 43 ± 4 |
| White chocolate mousse6 | 40 ± 4 |
| 480 Pure-protein cookies | |
| Choc-chip cookie dough6 | 25 ± 3 |
| Coconut6 | 42 ± 5 |
| Peanut butter6 | 37 ± 7 |
| 481 Ultra pure-protein shakes | |
| Cappuccino6 | 47 ± 6 |
| Frosty chocolate6 | 37 ± 6 |
| Strawberry shortcake6 | 42 ± 4 |
| Vanilla ice cream6 | 32 ± 5 |
| MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS | |
| 482 Chicken nuggets, frozen, reheated in microwave oven 5 min (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) | 46 ± 4 |
| 483 Fish fingers (Canada) | 38 ± 6 |
| 484 Greek lentil stew with a bread roll, homemade (Australia) | 40 ± 5 |
| 485 Kugel (Polish dish containing eggnoodles, sugar, cheese, and raisins) (Israel) | 65 ± 6 |
| 486 Lean Cuisine, French style chicken with rice, reheated (Nestlé, Australia)6 | 36 ± 6 |
| 487 Pies, beef, party size (Farmland Grocery Holdings, Australia) | 45 ± 6 |
| 488 Pizza | |
| Pizza, cheese (Pillsbury Canada Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 60 |
| Pizza, plain baked dough, served with parmesan cheese and tomato sauce (Italy) | 80 |
| Pizza, Super Supreme, pan (11.4% fat) (Pizza Hut, Sydney, Australia) | 36 ± 6 |
| Pizza, Super Supreme, thin and crispy (13.2% fat) (Pizza Hut, Australia) | 30 ± 4 |
| Pizza, Vegetarian Supreme, thin and crispy (7.8% fat) (Pizza Hut, Australia)6 | 49 ± 6 |
| 489 Sausages, NS (Canada) | 28 ± 6 |
| 490 Sirloin chop with mixed vegetables and mashed potato, homemade (Australia) | 66 ± 12 |
| 491 Spaghetti bolognaise, homemade (Australia) | 52 ± 9 |
| 492 Stir-fried vegetables with chicken and boiled white rice, homemade (Australia) | 73 ± 17 |
| 493 Sushi | |
| Sushi, salmon (I Love Sushi, Sydney, Australia)6 | 48 ± 8 |
| Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) | 55 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 52 ± 4 |
| 494 White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese, and butter (France) | 27 |
| White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese, and butter (France) | 22 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 25 ± 2 |
| White bread with toppings | |
| 495 White-wheat-flour bread, butter, cheese, regular cow milk, and fresh cucumber (Sweden)6 | 55 |
| 496 White-wheat-flour bread, butter, yogurt, and pickled cucumber (Sweden)6 | 39 |
| 497 White bread with butter (Canada) | 59 |
| 498 White bread with skim milk cheese (Canada) | 55 |
| 499 White bread with butter and skim milk cheese (Canada) | 62 |
| 500 White and whole-meal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) | 51 |
| White and whole-meal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) | 67 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 59 ± 8 |
| NUTRITIONAL-SUPPORT PRODUCTS | |
| 501 Choicedm, vanilla (Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Evansville, IN, US) | 23 ± 4 |
| 502 Enercal Plus, made from powder (Wyeth-Ayerst International Inc, Madison, NJ, US) | 61 ± 13 |
| 503 Ensure (Abbott Australasia, Kurnell, Australia) | 50 ± 8 |
| 504 Ensure, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) | 48 ± 3 |
| 505 Ensure bar, chocolate fudge brownie (Abbott Australasia) | 43 ± 3 |
| 506 Ensure Plus, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) | 40 ± 4 |
| 507 Ensure Pudding, old-fashioned vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc, Ashland, OH, USA) | 36 ± 4 |
| 508 Glucerna, vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc, USA)6 | 31 ± 2 |
| 509 Jevity (Abbott Australasia) | 48 ± 3 |
| 510 Resource Diabetic, French vanilla (Novartis Nutrition Corp, Young America, MN, USA)6 | 34 ± 3 |
| 511 Resource Diabetic, Swiss chocolate (Novartis, Auckland, New Zealand) | 16 ± 4 |
| 512 Resource thickened orange juice, honey consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) | 47 ± 9 |
| 513 Resource thickened orange juice, nectar consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) | 54 ± 7 |
| 514 Resource fruit beverage, peach flavor (Novartis, New Zealand) | 40 ± 8 |
| 515 Sustagen, Dutch Chocolate (Mead Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Rydalmere, Australia) | 31 ± 4 |
| 516 Sustagen Hospital with extra fiber, drink made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) | 33 ± 4 |
| 517 Sustagen Instant Pudding, vanilla, made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) | 27 ± 3 |
| 518 Ultracal with fiber (Mead Johnson, USA) | 40 |
| PASTA AND NOODLES | |
| 519 Capellini (Primo Foods Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 45 |
| 520 Corn pasta, gluten-free (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Australia) | 78 ± 10 |
| 521 Fettucine, egg | |
| Fettucine, egg | 32 ± 4 |
| Fettucine, egg (Mother Earth Fine Foods, Rowville, Australia) | 47 ± 6 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 40 ± 8 |
| 522 Gluten-free pasta, maize starch, boiled 8 min (UK) | 54 |
| 523 Gnocchi, NS (Latina, Pillsbury Australia Ltd, Mt Waverley, Australia) | 68 ± 9 |
| 524 Instant noodles | |
| Instant two-minute noodles, Maggi (Nestlé, Australia) | 46 ± 5 |
| Instant two-minute noodles, Maggi (Nestlé, New Zealand) | 48 ± 8 |
| Instant noodles (Mr Noodle, Vancouver, Canada) | 47 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 47 ± 1 |
| 525 Linguine | |
| Thick, durum wheat, white, fresh (Sweden) | 43 |
| Thick, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% (by wt) monoglycerides, boiled 8 min (Sweden) | 48 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 46 ± 3 |
| Thin, durum wheat (Sweden) | 49 |
| Thin, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% (by wt) monoglycerides, boiled 3 min (Sweden) | 61 |
| Thin, fresh, durum wheat with 39% (by wt) egg, (Sweden) | 45 |
| Thin, fresh, with 0.6% (by wt) monoglycerides and 30% (by wt) egg, boiled 3 min (Sweden) | 53 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 52 ± 3 |
| 526 Mung bean noodles | |
| Lungkow bean-thread noodles (National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs, Qingdao and Guangdong, China) | 26 |
| Mung bean noodles (Longkou bean thread), dried, boiled (Yantai cereals, China) | 39 ± 9 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 33 ± 7 |
| 527 Macaroni | |
| Macaroni, plain, boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd, Canada) | 45 |
| Macaroni, plain, boiled (Turkey) | 48 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 47 ± 2 |
| Macaroni and cheese, boxed (Kraft General Foods Canada Inc, Don Mills, Canada) | 64 |
| 528 Ravioli, durum wheat flour, meat-filled, boiled (Australia) | 39 ± 1 |
| 529 Rice noodles and pasta | |
| Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) | 61 ± 6 |
| Rice noodles, freshly made, boiled (Australia) | 40 ± 4 |
| Rice pasta, brown, boiled 16 min (Rice Grower’s Co-op, Australia) | 92 ± 8 |
| Rice and maize pasta, gluten-free, Ris?O’Mais (Orgran Foods, Australia) | 76 ± 6 |
| Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs, China) | 58 |
| Spaghetti | |
| 530 Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and split pea, canned in tomato sauce (Orgran Foods, Australia) | 68 ± 9 |
| 531 Spaghetti, protein enriched, boiled 7 min (Catelli Plus- Catelli Ltd, Montreal, Canada) | 27 |
| 532 Spaghetti, white, boiled 5 min | |
| Boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd, Canada) | 32 |
| Boiled 5 min (Canada) | 34 |
| Boiled 5 min (Canada) | 40 |
| Boiled 5 min (Middle East) | 44 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 38 ± 3 |
| 533 Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 10?15 min | |
| White, durum wheat, boiled 10 min in salty water (Barilla, Parma, Italy)12 | 58 |
| White, durum wheat flour, boiled 12 min (Starhushålls- Kungsörnen AB, Järna, Sweden) | 47 |
| White, durum wheat flour, 0.6% (by wt) monoglycerides, boiled 12 min (Sweden) | 53 |
| Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd, Canada) | 32 |
| Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd, Canada) | 36 |
| Boiled 15 min (Canada) | 41 |
| White, boiled 15 min in salted water (Unico, Concord, Canada) | 44 ± 3 |
| Mean of 7 studies | 44 ± 3 |
| 534 Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 20 min | |
| White, durum wheat, boiled 20 min (Australia) | 58 ± 7 |
| Durum wheat, boiled 20 min (USA) | 64 ± 15 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 61 ± 3 |
| 535 Spaghetti, white, boiled | |
| White (Denmark) | 33 |
| White, durum wheat (Catelli Ltd, Montreal Canada) | 34 |
| White (Australia) | 38 |
| White (Canada) | 42 |
| White (Canada) | 48 |
| White (Vetta, Greens Foods, Glendenning, Australia) | 49 ± 7 |
| White (Canada) | 50 ± 8 |
| Mean of 7 studies | 42 ± 3 |
| 536 Spaghetti, white, durum wheat semolina (Panzani, Marseilles, France) | |
| Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 11 min | 59 ± 15 |
| Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 16.5 min | 65 ± 15 |
| Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 22 min | 46 ± 10 |
| Mean of 3 cooking times | 57 ± 6 |
| 537 Spaghetti, whole meal, boiled | |
| Whole meal (USA) | 32 |
| Whole meal (Canada) | 42 ± 4 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 37 ± 5 |
| 538 Spirali, durum wheat, white, boiled to al denté texture (Australia) | 43 ± 10 |
| 539 Split pea and soya pasta shells, gluten-free (Orgran Foods, Australia) | 29 ± 6 |
| 540 Star Pastina, white, boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd, Canada) | 38 |
| 541 Tortellini, cheese (Stouffer- Nestlé, Don Mills, Canada) | 50 |
| 542 Udon noodles, plain, reheated 5 min (Fantastic, Windsor Gardens, Australia)6 | 62 ± 8 |
| 543 Vermicelli, white, boiled (Australia) | 35 ± 7 |
| SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY | |
| 544 Burger Rings, barbeque-flavored (Smith’s Snack Food Co, Chatswood, Australia) | 90 ± 16 |
| 545 Chocolate, milk, plain | |
| Chocolate, milk, plain with sucrose (Belgium)6 | 34 ± 5 |
| Chocolate, milk (Cadbury’s Confectionery, Ringwood, Australia) | 49 ± 6 |
| Chocolate, milk (Dove- Mars Confectionery, Ballarat, Australia) | 45 ± 8 |
| Chocolate, milk (Nestlé, Sydney, Australia) | 42 ± 8 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 43 ± 3 |
| Chocolate, milk, plain, low-sugar with maltitol (Belgium)6 | 35 ± 16 |
| 546 Chocolate, white (Milky Bar- Nestlé, Australia) | 44 ± 6 |
| 547 Corn chips | |
| Corn chips, plain, salted (Doritos original- Smith’s Snack Food Co, Australia, 1998) | 42 ± 4 |
| Corn chips, plain, salted (Doritos original- Smith’s Snack Food Co, Australia, 1985) | 72 |
| Nachips (Old El Paso Foods Co, Canada) | 74 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 63 ± 10 |
| 548 Fruit bars | |
| Apricot filled fruit bar (puréed dried apricot filling in whole-meal pastry) (Mother Earth, New Zealand) | 50 ± 8 |
| Heinz Kidz Fruit Fingers, banana (HJ Heinz, Australia) | 61 ± 11 |
| Real Fruit Bars, strawberry (Uncle Toby’s, Wahgunyah, Australia) | 90 ± 12 |
| Roll-Ups, fruit leather-type snack (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 99 ± 12 |
| 549 Fruity Bitz, vitamin- and mineral-enriched dried fruit snacks | |
| Fruity Bitz, apricot (Blackmores Ltd, Australia) | 42 ± 3 |
| Fruity Bitz, berry (Blackmores Ltd, Australia) | 35 ± 4 |
| Fruity Bitz, tropical (Blackmores Ltd, Australia) | 41 ± 3 |
| Mean of 3 flavors | 39 ± 2 |
| 550 Jelly beans | |
| Jelly beans, assorted colors (Allen’s- Nestlé, Australia) | 80 ± 8 |
| Jelly beans, assorted colors (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) | 76 ± 6 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 78 ± 2 |
| 551 Kudos Whole-Grain Bars, chocolate chip (M & M/Mars, Hackettstown, NJ, USA) | 62 ± 8 |
| 552 Life Savers, peppermint candy (Nestlé, Australia) | 70 ± 6 |
| 553 M & M’s, peanut (Mars Confectionery, Australia) | 33 ± 3 |
| 554 Mars Bar | |
| Mars Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) | 62 ± 8 |
| Mars Bar (M & M/Mars, USA) | 68 ± 12 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 65 ± 3 |
| 555 Muesli bar containing dried fruit (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 61 ± 7 |
| 556 Nougat, Jijona (La Fama, Spain) | 32 |
| 557 Nutella, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Milson’s Point, Australia) | 33 ± 4 |
| Nuts | |
| 558 Cashew nuts, salted (Coles Supermarkets, Australia)6 | 22 ± 5 |
| 559 Peanuts | |
| Peanuts, crushed (South Africa)6 | 7 ± 4 |
| Peanuts (Canada)6 | 13 ± 6 |
| Peanuts (Mexico)6 | 23 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 14 ± 8 |
| 560 Popcorn | |
| Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Green’s Foods, Australia) | 55 ± 7 |
| Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 89 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 72 ± 17 |
| 561 Pop Tarts, double chocolate (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 70 ± 2 |
| 562 Potato crisps | |
| Potato crisps, plain, salted (Arnott’s, Homebush, Australia) | 57 |
| Potato crisps, plain, salted (Canada) | 51 ± 7 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 54 ± 3 |
| 563 Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavor (Parker’s, Smith’s Snack Food Co, Australia) | 83 ± 9 |
| 564 Skittles (Mars Confectionery, Australia) | 70 ± 5 |
| 565 Snack bars | |
| Snack bar, apple cinnamon (Con Agra Inc, USA) | 40 ± 8 |
| Snack bar, peanut butter and choc-chip (Con Agra Inc, USA) | 37 ± 6 |
| 566 Snickers Bar | |
| Snickers Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) | 41 ± 5 |
| Snickers Bar (M & M/Mars, USA) | 68 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 55 ± 14 |
| 567 Twisties, cheese-flavored, extruded snack, rice and corn (Smith’s Snackfood Co, Australia) | 74 ± 5 |
| 568 Twix Cookie Bar, caramel (M & M/Mars, USA) | 44 ± 6 |
| SPORTS BARS | |
| 569 Power Bar (Powerfood Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA) | |
| Power Bar, chocolate | 58 ± 5 |
| Power Bar, chocolate | 53 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 56 ± 3 |
| 570 Ironman PR bar, chocolate (PR Nutrition, San Diego, CA, USA) | 39 |
| SOUPS | |
| 571 Black bean (Wil-Pack Foods, San Pedro, CA, USA) | 64 |
| 572 Green pea, canned (Campbell Soup Co Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 66 |
| 573 Lentil, canned (Unico, Canada) | 44 |
| 574 Minestrone, Traditional, Country Ladle (Campbell’s Soups, Homebush, Australia)6 | 39 ± 3 |
| 575 Noodle soup (traditional Turkish soup with stock and noodles) | 1 |
| 576 Split pea (Wil-Pak Foods, USA) | 60 |
| 577 Tarhana soup (traditional Turkish soup with wheat flour, yogurt, tomato, and peppers) | 20 |
| 578 Tomato soup (Canada) | 38 ± 9 |
| SUGARS AND SUGAR ALCOHOLS | |
| 579 Blue agave cactus nectar, high-fructose | |
| Organic agave cactus nectar, light, 90% fructose (Western Commerce Corp, City of Industry, CA, USA)6 | 11 ± 1 |
| Organic agave cactus nectar, light, 97% fructose (Western Commerce Corp, USA)6 | 10 ± 1 |
| 580 Fructose | |
| 25-g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc, Toronto, Canada)6 | 11 |
| 50-g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc, Canada) | 12 |
| 50-g portion | 20 ± 5 |
| 50-g portion | 21 |
| 50-g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, St Louis, MO, USA) | 24 |
| 25-g portion fed with oats28 | 25 |
| Mean of 6 studies | 19 ± 2 |
| 581 Glucose | |
| 50-g portion (dextrose) | 85 |
| 25-g portion, fed with oats28 | 92 |
| 50-g portion | 93 |
| 50-g portion (dextrose) | 96 |
| 50-g portion | 96 |
| 50-g portion (Bio-Health- Dawson Traders Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 96 |
| 50-g portion | 100 |
| 50-g portion (Glucodin glucose tablets- Boots, North Ryde, Australia) | 102 ± 9 |
| 25-g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)6 | 103 |
| 50-g portion (dextrose) | 111 |
| 100-g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)12 | 114 |
| Mean of 11 studies | 99 ± 3 |
| Glucose consumed with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) | |
| 582 25 g glucose (Glucodex solution- Rougier Inc, Chambly, Quebec) with 3 g dried ginseng6 | 78 |
| 583 Glucodex | |
| 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min after 3 g dried ginseng8 | 80 |
| 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min before 3 g dried ginseng8 | 76 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 78 ± 2 |
| 584 Glucose consumed with gum fiber | |
| 46 g Glucose + 15 g apple and orange fiber extract (FITA, Chatswood, Australia) (total carbohydrate content of drink = 50 g) | 79 ± 3 |
| 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g guar gum | 62 |
| 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g oat gum (78% oat ß-glucan) | 57 |
| 100 g Glucose + 20 g acacia gum7 | 85 |
| 585 Glucose consumed with a mixed meal | |
| 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, | 55 |
| 30 g cheese, and 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate) (France) | |
| 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, | 57 |
| 30 g cheese, and 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate) (France) | |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 56 ± 1 |
| 586 Honey | |
| Locust honey (Romania)6 | 32 |
| Yellow box, 46% fructose (Australia)6 | 35 ± 4 |
| Stringy bark, 52% fructose (Australia)6 | 44 ± 4 |
| Red gum, 35% fructose (Australia)6 | 46 ± 3 |
| Iron bark, 34% fructose (Australia)6 | 48 ± 3 |
| Yapunya, 42% fructose (Australia)6 | 52 ± 5 |
| Pure (Capilano Honey Ltd, Richlands, Australia) | 58 ± 6 |
| Commercial blend, 38% fructose (WA blend- Capilano Honey Ltd, Australia)6 | 62 ± 3 |
| Salvation Jane, 32% fructose (Australia)6 | 64 ± 5 |
| Commercial blend, 28% fructose (NSW blend- Capilano Honey Ltd, Australia)6 | 72 ± 6 |
| Honey, NS (Canada)6 | 87 ± 8 |
| Mean of 11 types of honey | 55 ± 5 |
| 587 Lactose | |
| 50 g lactose (Sigma Chemical Co, USA) | 43 |
| 25 g lactose (BDH, Poole, UK)6 | 48 |
| 25 g lactose28 | 48 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 46 ± 2 |
| 588 50 g maltose | 105 ± 12 |
| 589 Sucrose | |
| 50 g sucrose (Sigma Chemical Co, USA)8 | 58 |
| 50 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Toronto, Canada) | 58 |
| 50 g sucrose | 59 ± 10 |
| 50 g sucrose | 60 |
| 25 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Canada)6 | 60 |
| 25 g sucrose6,28 | 64 |
| 50 g sucrose | 65 ± 9 |
| 100 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Canada)12 | 65 |
| 30 g sucrose29 | 82 |
| 25 g sucrose6 | 110 ± 21 |
| Mean of 10 studies | 68 ± 5 |
| Sugar alcohols and sugar-replacement compounds | |
| 590 Lactitol | |
| 25 g lactitol30 | -1 ± 7 |
| 25 g lactitol MC (Danisco Sweeteners, Redhill, Surrey, UK)30 | 3 ± 1 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 2 ± 3 |
| 591 Litesse | |
| 25 g Litesse II, bulking agent with polydextrose and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 | 7 ± 2 |
| 25 g Litesse III ultra, bulking agent with polydextrose and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 | 4 ± 2 |
| 592 Maltitol-based sweeteners or bulking agents (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 | |
| 25 g Malbit CR (87% maltitol) | 30 ± 12 |
| 25 g Maltidex 100 (> 72% maltitol) | 44 ± 11 |
| 25 g Malbit CH (99% maltitol) | 73 ± 29 |
| 25 g Maltidex 200 (50% maltitol) | 89 ± 28 |
| 593 Xylitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 | |
| 25 g Xylitol | 7 ± 7 |
| 25 g Xylitol C | 8 ± 2 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 8 ± 1 |
| VEGETABLES | |
| 594 Broad beans (Canada)6 | 79 ± 16 |
| 595 Green peas | |
| Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)6 | 39 |
| Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)6 | 51 ± 6 |
| Pea, green (Pisum sativum) (India)11 | 54 ± 14 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 48 ± 5 |
| 596 Pumpkin (South Africa) | 75 ± 9 |
| 597 Sweet corn | |
| Sweet corn, honey and pearl variety (New Zealand) | 37 ± 12 |
| Sweet corn on the cob, boiled 20 min (Australia) | 48 |
| Sweet corn (Canada) | 59 ± 11 |
| Sweet corn, boiled (USA) | 60 |
| Sweet corn, boiled (USA) | 60 |
| Sweet corn (South Africa) | 62 ± 5 |
| Mean of 6 studies | 54 ± 4 |
| Sweet corn, whole-kernel, diet-pack, Featherweight, canned, drained, heated (USA) | 46 |
| Sweet corn, frozen, heated in microwave (Green Giant- Pillsbury Canada Ltd, Toronto, Canada) | 47 |
| Root vegetables | |
| 598 Beetroot (Canada)6 | 64 ± 16 |
| 599 Carrots | |
| Carrots, raw (Romania)6,8 | 16 |
| Carrots, peeled, boiled (Australia)6 | 32 ± 5 |
| Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, Australia)6 | 49 ± 2 |
| Carrots, NS (Canada)6 | 92 ± 20 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 47 ± 16 |
| 600 Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya, Africa) | 46 |
| 601 Parsnips (Canada)6 | 97 ± 19 |
| Potato | |
| 602 Baked potato | |
| Ontario, white, baked in skin (Canada) | 60 |
| 603 Baked, russet Burbank potatoes | |
| Russet, baked without fat (Canada) | 56 |
| Russet, baked without fat, 45?60 min (USA) | 78 |
| Russet, baked without fat (USA) | 94 |
| Russet, baked without fat (USA) | 111 |
| Mean of 4 studies | 85 ± 12 |
| 604 Boiled potato | |
| Desiree, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) | 101 ± 15 |
| Nardine (New Zealand) | 70 ± 17 |
| Ontario, white, peeled, cut into cubes, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) | 58 |
| Pontiac, peeled, boiled whole for 30 min (Australia) | 56 |
| Pontiac, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) | 88 ± 9 |
| Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) | 63 |
| Sebago, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) | 87 ± 7 |
| 605 Boiled or cooked, white or type NS | |
| Type NS (Kenya, Africa) | 24 |
| White, cooked (Romania)6 | 41 |
| White, boiled (Canada) | 54 |
| Type NS, boiled (Australia) | 56 |
| Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) | 76 |
| Mean of 5 studies | 50 ± 9 |
| Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated, reheated (India) | 23 |
| 606 Canned potatoes | |
| Prince Edward Island, canned, heated in microwave (Avon- Cobi Foods Inc, Port Williams, Canada) | 61 |
| New, canned, heated in microwave 3 min (Mint Tiny Taters- Edgell’s, Cheltenham, Australia) | 65 ± 9 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 63 ± 2 |
| 607 French fries | |
| French fries, frozen, reheated in microwave (Cavendish Farms, New Annan, Canada) | 75 |
| 608 Instant mashed potato | |
| Instant (France) | 74 ± 12 |
| Instant (Canada) | 80 ± 13 |
| Instant (Edgell’s Potato Whip, Edgell’s, Australia) | 86 |
| Instant (Carnation Foods Co Ltd, Manitoba, Canada) | 86 |
| Instant (Canada) | 88 |
| Instant mashed potato (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) | 97 ± 6 |
| Mean of 6 studies | 85 ± 3 |
| 609 Mashed potato | |
| Type NS (Canada) | 67 |
| Type NS (South Africa) | 71 ± 10 |
| Type NS (France) | 83 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 74 ± 5 |
| Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Canada) | 73 |
| Pontiac, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Australia) | 91 ± 9 |
| 610 Microwaved potato | ? |
| Pontiac, peeled and microwave on high for 6?7.5 min (Australia) | 79 ± 9 |
| Type NS, microwaved (USA) | 82 |
| 611 New potato | |
| New (Canada) | 47 |
| New (Canada) | 54 |
| New (Canada) | 70 ± 8 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 57 ± 7 |
| New, unpeeled and boiled 20 min (Australia) | 78 ± 12 |
| 612 Steamed potato | |
| Potato, peeled, steamed 1 h (Solanum tuberosum) (India)11 | 65 ± 11 |
| Potato dumplings (white-wheat flour, white potatoes, boiled in salted water (Italy) | 52 |
| 613 Sweet potato | |
| Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (Australia) | 44 |
| Sweet potato, NS (Canada) | 48 ± 6 |
| Sweet potato, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) | 59 |
| Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) | 77 ± 12 |
| Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) | 78 ± 6 |
| Mean of 5 studies | 61 ± 7 |
| 614 Swede | |
| Swede (rutabaga) (Canada)6 | 72 ± 8 |
| 615 Tapioca | |
| Tapioca boiled with milk (General Mills Canada Inc, Etobicoke, Canada) | 81 |
| Tapioca (Manihot utilissima), steamed 1 h (India)11 | 70 ± 10 |
| 616 Taro | |
| Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia) | 54 |
| Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 56 ± 12 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 55 ± 1 |
| 617 Yam | |
| Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 25 ± 4 |
| Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 35 ± 5 |
| Yam (Canada) | 51 ± 12 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 37 ± 8 |
| INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS | |
| African | |
| 618 Brown beans (South Africa) | 24 ± 8 |
| 619 Gram dhal (South Africa) | 5 ± 3 |
| 620 Maize meal porridge, unrefined, maize meal:water (1:3) (South Africa) | 71 ± 6 |
| Maize meal porridge, refined, maize-meal:water (1:3) (South Africa) | 74 ± 7 |
| Maize meal porridge or gruel (Kenya) | 109 |
| 621 M?fino or Morogo, wild greens (South Africa) | 68 ± 8 |
| 622 Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya) | 46 |
| 623 Millet flour porridge or gruel (Kenya) | 107 |
| 624 Ga kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal (Zea mays) (Ghana)31 | 12 ± 1 |
| 625 Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima) (Ghana)31 | 56 ± 3 |
| 626 Unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) (Ghana)31 | 40 ± 4 |
| 627 Yam (Dyscoria) (Ghana)31 | 66 |
| Arabic and Turkish | |
| 628 Hummus (chickpea salad dip) | 6 ± 4 |
| 629 Kibbeh saynieh (made with lamb and burghul) | 61 ± 16 |
| 630 Lebanese bread (white, unleaved), | 86 ± 12 |
| hummus, falafel and tabbouleh | |
| 631 Majadra (Syrian, lentils and rice) | 24 ± 5 |
| 632 Moroccan couscous (stew of semolina, chickpeas, and vegetables) | 58 ± 9 |
| 633 Stuffed grapevine leaves (rice and lamb stuffing with tomato sauce) | 30 ± 11 |
| 634 Tarhana soup (wheat flour, yogurt, tomato, and green pepper) | 20 |
| 635 Turkish bread, white-wheat flour | 87 |
| 636 Turkish bread, whole wheat | 49 |
| 637 Turkish noodle soup | 1 |
| Asian | |
| 638 Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion Foods, Thailand) | 86 ± 10 |
| 639 Butter rice, warm white rice and butter (Japan) | 79 |
| 640 Curry rice (Japan) | 67 |
| 641 Curry rice with cheese (Japan) | 55 |
| 642 Glutinous rice | |
| Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Co, Bangkok, Thailand) | 98 ± 7 |
| Glutinous rice NS (Esubi Shokuhin, Japan) | 86 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 92 ± 6 |
| 643 Glutinous rice ball with cut glutinous cake (mochi) (Japan) | 48 |
| 644 Glutinous rice cake with dried sea algae (Japan) | 83 |
| 645 Glutaminous rice flour, instant, served warm with roasted ground soybean (Japan) | 65 |
| 646 Jasmine rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) | 109 ± 10 |
| 647 Low-protein white rice with dried sea algae (Japan) | 70 |
| 648 Lungkow bean thread (National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs, China) | 26 |
| 649 Lychee, canned in syrup, drained (Narcissus brand, China) | 79 ± 8 |
| 650 Mung bean noodles, dried, boiled (China) | 39 ± 9 |
| 651 Nonglutaminous rice flour, served warm (Narcissus brand, China) | 68 |
| 652 Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) | 91 |
| 653 Rice gruel with dried algae (Satou Co | 81 |
| 654 Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) | 61 ± 6 |
| 655 Rice noodles, fresh, boiled (Australia) | 40 ± 4 |
| 656 Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, China) | 58 |
| 657 Roasted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd, Japan) | 77 |
| 658 Salted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd, Japan) | 80 |
| 659 Soba noodles, instant, reheated in hot water, served with soup (Japan) | 46 |
| 660 Stir-fried vegetables, chicken and rice, homemade (Australia) | 73 ± 17 |
| 661 Sushi | |
| Sushi, salmon (I Love Sushi- Australia)6 | 48 ± 8 |
| Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) | 55 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 52 ± 4 |
| 662 Udon noodles | |
| Udon noodles, fresh, reheated (Fantastic, Windsor Gardens, Australia)6 | 62 ± 8 |
| Udon noodles, instant, with sauce and fried bean curd (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) | 48 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 55 ± 7 |
| 663 White rice, dried sea algae and milk | |
| White rice, dried sea algae and milk, eaten together (Japan) | 57 |
| White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten before rice) (Japan) | 56 |
| White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten after rice) (Japan) | 55 |
| Mean of 3 types | 56 ± 1 |
| 664 White rice with dried fish strip (okaka) (Japan) | 79 |
| 665 White rice with fermented soybean sp- (natto) (Japan) | 56 |
| 666 White rice with instant miso soup sp- (soybean paste soup) (Japan) | 61 |
| 667 White rice with low-fat milk (Japan) | 69 |
| 668 White rice and nonsugar yogurt | |
| White rice and nonsugar yogurt eaten before rice (Japan) | 59 |
| White rice and nonsugar yogurt eaten together (Japan) | 58 |
| Mean of 2 types | 59 ± 1 |
| 669 White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber | |
| White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten before rice) (Japan) | 63 |
| White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten with rice) (Japan) | 61 |
| Mean of 2 types | 62 ± 1 |
| 670 White rice topped with raw egg and soy sauce (Japan) | 72 |
| 671 White rice with roasted ground soybean (Japan) | 56 |
| 672 White rice with salted dried plum (umeboshi) (Japan) | 80 |
| 673 White rice with sea algae rolled in sheet of toasted sea algae (Japan) | 77 |
| Asian Indian | |
| 674 Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum), popped, eaten with milk and nonnutritive sweetener | 97 ± 19 |
| 675 Bajra | |
| Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum), eaten as roasted bread made from bajra flour | 55 ± 13 |
| Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum) | 49 |
| Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum) | 67 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 57 ± 5 |
| 676 Banana (Musa sapientum), Nendra variety, unripe, steamed 1 h11 | 70 ± 11 |
| 677 Barley | |
| Barley (Hordeum vulgare) | 48 |
| 695 Green gram (Phaseolus aureus), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h11 | 38 ± 14 |
| 696 Green gram, whole with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked | 57 ± 6 |
| 697 Green gram dhal with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked | 78 ± 12 |
| 698 Horse gram (Dolichos biflorus) soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h11 | 51 ± 11 |
| 699 Idli | |
| Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, and steamed) with chutney | 77 ± 2 |
| Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, and steamed) with chutney | 60 ± 2 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 69 ± 9 |
| 700 Jowar, roasted bread made from Jowar flour (Sorghum vulgare) | 77 ± 8 |
| 701 Laddu | |
| Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, and fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup | 24 ± 4 |
| Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, and fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup | 29 ± 4 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 27 ± 3 |
| 702 Lentil and cauliflower curry with rice (Australia) | 60 ± 10 |
| 703 Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana), dehusked, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h11 | 68 ± 10 |
| 703 Millet/Ragi | |
| Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana)11 | 84 |
| Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana) flour eaten as roasted bread | 104 ± 13 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 94 ± 10 |
| 705 Pongal | |
| Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) | 90 ± 3 |
| Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) | 45 ± 2 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 68 ± 23 |
| 706 Poori | |
| Poori (deep-fried wheat-flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) | 82 ± 2 |
| Poori (deep-fried wheat-flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) | 57 ± 1 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 70 ± 13 |
| 707 Rajmah (Phaseolus vulgaris) | 19 |
| 708 Rice (Oryza sativa) boiled served with with potato palya (mashed potato) | 69 ± 15 |
| 709 Semolina | |
| Semolina (Triticum aestivum), steamed | 55 ± 9 |
| Semolina (Triticum aestivum), preroasted | 76 ± 6 |
| Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with | |
| fermented black gram dhal (Phaseolus mungo) | 46 ± 12 |
| Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented green gram dhal (Phaseolus aureus) | 62 ± 20 |
| Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented bengal gram dhal (Cicer arietum) | 54 ± 7 |
| 710 Tapioca (Manihot utilissima), steamed 1 h11 | 70 ± 10 |
| 711 Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked 15 lb 12?15 min | 68 ± 8 |
| 712 Upittu | |
| Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) | 67 ± 3 |
| Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) | 69 ± 4 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 68 ± 1 |
| 713 Uppuma kedgeree | |
| Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds- roasted and cooked in water) | 18 ± 3 |
| Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds- roasted and cooked in water) | 19 ± 3 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 18 ± 1 |
| Australian aboriginal | |
| 714 Acacia aneura, mulga seed, roasted, wet ground to paste6 | 8 |
| 715 Acacia coriacea, desert oak, seed bread6 | 46 |
| 716 Araucaria bidwillii, bunya tree nut, baked 10 min6 | 47 |
| 717 Bush honey, sugar bag6 | 43 |
| 718 Castanospermum australe, blackbean seed, sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded and baked6 | 8 |
| 719 Dioscorea bulbifera, cheeky yam, peeled, sliced, soaked 2 d, baked 15 min6 | 34 |
| 720 Macrozamia communis, cycad palm seed, sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded, baked6 | 40 ± 2 |
| Pacific Islanders | |
| 721 Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) (Australia)6 | 68 |
| 722 Banana/plantain, green | |
| Green banana, boiled (New Zealand) | 38 ± 10 |
| 723 Sweet potato | |
| Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (Australia) | 44 |
| Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) | 77 ± 12 |
| Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) | 78 ± 6 |
| Mean of 3 studies | 66 ± 11 |
| 724 Taro | |
| Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia) | 54 |
| Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 56 ± 12 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 55 ± 1 |
| 725 Yam | |
| Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 25 ± 4 |
| Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 35 ± 5 |
| Mean of 2 groups of subjects | 30 ± 5 |
| Israeli | |
| 726 Melawach (dough made from | |
| white-wheat flour and butter, fried) | |
| Melawach | 61 ± 10 |
| Melawach | 71 ± 7 |
| Mean of 2 studies | 66 ± 5 |
| 727 Melawach + 15 g locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua) fiber (soluble) | 31 ± 6 |
| 728 Melawach + 15 g maize cob fiber (insoluble) | 59 ± 10 |
| 729 Melawach + 15 g lupin (Lupinus albus) fiber | 72 ± 10 |
| fiber | |
| Pima Indian | |
| 730 Acorns, stewed with venison (Quercus emoryi)6 | 16 ± 1 |
| 731 Cactus jam (Stenocereus thurberi) | 91 |
| 732 Corn hominy (Zea mays)6 | 40 ± 5 |
| 733 Fruit Leather (Stenocereus thurberi) | 70 |
| 734 Lima beans broth (Phaseolus lunatus)6 | 36 ± 3 |
| 735 Mesquite cakes (Prosopis velutina)6 | 25 ± 3 |
| 736 Tortilla (Zea mays and Olneya tesota) | 38 |
| 737 White teparies broth (Phaseolusacutifolius)6 | 31 ± 3 |
| 738 Yellow teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)6 | 29 ± 3 |
| South American | |
| 739 Arepa, corn bread cake, made with corn flour (Mexico) | 72 |
| 740 Arepa, made from ordinary dehulled dent corn flour (25% amylose)9,34 | 81 |
| 741 Arepa, made from dehulled high-amylose (70%) corn flour9,34 | 44 |
| 742 Black beans | 30 |
| 743 Brown beans | 38 |
| 744 Corn tortilla (Mexican) | 52 |
| 745 Corn tortilla, served with refried mashed pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexican) | 39 |
| 746 Corn tortilla, fried, with mashed potato, fresh tomato and lettuce (Mexican) | 78 |
| 747 Nopal (prickly pear cactus) | 7 |
| 748 Pinto beans, boiled in salted water | 14 |
| 749 Wheat tortilla (Mexican) | 30 |
| 750 Wheat tortilla served with refried pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexican) | 28 |
| 1 NS, not specified- type 1 and type 2, subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes- AUC, area under the curve. Serving sizes in grams unless specified otherwise. | |
| 2 | |
| ± SEM. Two GI vlaues are shown for each food?one in which glucose sugar was used as the reference food and one in which white bread was used as the reference food. | |
| 3 Estimated by multiplying the food’s listed GI value with glucose as the reference food by the listed g carbohydrate per serving and dividing by 100. | |
| 4 Human Nutrition Unit (Sydney University, Australia), unpublished observations, 1995?2002. | |
| 5 The low GI may be explained by the inclusion of rolled oats in the recipe. | |
| 6 Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 25 g carbohydrate. | |
| 7 V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robinson, France), unpublished observations, 1996?2000. | |
| 8 GI calculated from the AUC for glucose. | |
| 9 GI calculated by using a mathematical formula based on results from an in vitro starch hydrolysis assay. | |
| 10 Impaired glucose tolerance. | |
| 11 Both the test food and the reference food contained 75 g carbohydrate. | |
| 12 Both the test food and the reference food contained 100 g carbohydrate. | |
| 13 Values based on 0.5 g carbohydrate/kg body wt. | |
| 14 AUC measured over 3 h for only 5 time points (0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min). | |
| 15 GI corrected for added milk and adjusted to represent a 50-g carbohydrate portion size. | |
| 16 Made from raw oats that were cooked for 20 min. | |
| 17 Used as reference food and given a GI of 100. The GI of the test food was measured by expressing the glucose AUC value for the test food as a percentage of the AUC value for wheat chapatti. | |
| 18 GI calculated from AUC food/AUC glucose formula. The AUC value was calculated over 3 h for 5 time points only. | |
| 19 J Dzieniszewski, J Ciok (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland), unpublished observations, 1996?2001. | |
| 20 J Brand-Miller, S Holt (Sydney University, Australia), and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robinson, France), unpublished observations, 2000 and 2001. | |
| 21 M Champ (INRA, France) and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, France), unpublished observations, 1998. | |
| 22 AUC measured over 3 h for only 4 time points (0, 1, 2, and 3 h). | |
| 23 AUC calculated as the area above fasting to 3 h only. | |
| 24 AUC measured over 5 h, but blood samples taken at hourly intervals only. | |
| 25 Potato used as reference food with a GI fixed at 80. The GI of the test food was calculated by expressing the test food’s glucose AUC value as a percentage of the potato’s AUC value. | |
| 26 White rice was used as the reference food, but glucose was also tested and had a GI of 122. The observed GI was multiplied by 100 and then divided by 122 to convert it to a GI on the glucose scale (ie, glucose = reference food with a GI of 100). | |
| 27 Blood glucose measured at 30-min intervals. | |
| 28 GI for sugars calculated from the glycemic response for a meal of sugar and rolled oats minus the glycemic response for the oats alone. | |
| 29 Both the test food and the reference food contained 30 g carbohydrate. | |
| 30 Total weight of the test food was 25 g, whereas reference food contained 25 g available carbohydrate. The carbohydrate content of the test food was assumed to be 100% available, which may be an overestimate. | |
| 31 Eaten as part of a mixed meal with fish, tomato, and onion sauce. | |
| 32 AUC measured over 2 h for 4 time points (0, 30, 60, and 120 min). | |
| 33 AUC measured over 4 h for only 6 time points (0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min). | |
| 34 Both the test food and the reference food contained 45 g carbohydrate. | |
| 35 Reference food was an ordinary corn flour arepa. |
